The use of vehicle bombs to attack city centers has been a feature of campaigns by terrorist organizations around the world. A bomb explosion within or immediately nearby a building can cause catastrophic damage on the building's external and internal structural frames, collapsing of walls, blowing out of large expanses of windows, and shutting down of critical life-safety systems. Loss of life and injuries to occupants can result from many causes, including direct blast-effects, structural collapse, debris impact, fire, and smoke.The indirect effects can combine to inhibit or prevent timely evacuation, thereby contributing to additional casualties. In addition, major catastrophes resulting from gas-chemical explosions result in large dynamic loads, greater than the original design loads, of many structures. Due to the threat from such extreme loading conditions, efforts have been made during the past three decades to develop methods of structural analysis and design to resist blast loads. The analysis and design of structures subjected to blast loads require a detailed understanding of blast phenomena and the dynamic response of various structural elements. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the effects of explosion on structures. An explanation of the nature of explosions and the mechanism of blast waves in free air is given. This paper also introduces different methods to estimate blast loads and structural response.

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Structural design for dynamic loads

Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures - An Overview

A survey of the behavior of reinforced concrete subjected to dynamic loading is presented. Provisions for seismic design in current design codes have been developed on the basis of results obtained from static tests. Realistic methods of design should take into consideration the strain‐rate‐dependent properties of reinforced concrete in order to accurately predict the behavior of a reinforced concrete structure subjected to dynamic loads. The response of reinforced concrete materials and elements to different strain rates is reviewed and discussed. As rate of loading increases, concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength, and flexural capacity of reinforced concrete member also increase. The increase in flexural capacity of individual members as a result of high strain rates, if significant, may shift the failure mode of a structure from a preferred ductile manner to a less desirable brittle mode.

Review of effects of loading rate on reinforced concrete

The use of finite element techniques for calculating the dynamic response of structures to moving loads

SUMMARY In this paper have been described - railway runability problems on large span bridges; - the state-of-art of the methodologies adopted for a systematic analysis of the dynamic behaviour of railway vehicles running on a deformable structure, with particular reference to large span suspension bridges; - some meaningful experimental and analytical results, related to railway runability of large span bridges.

Dynamic Interaction of Railway Systems with Large Bridges

A survey of the behavior of concrete subjected to dynamic loading is presented Since the mechanical properties of materials are functions of the rate of loading, they need to be determined with re

Structural design for dynamic loads

Citations

Blast Loading and Blast Effects on Structures - An Overview

Review of effects of loading rate on reinforced concrete

The use of finite element techniques for calculating the dynamic response of structures to moving loads

Dynamic Interaction of Railway Systems with Large Bridges

Review of Effects of Loading Rate on Concrete in Compression

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