Structural Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Waste Clay Brick Powder as Partial Substitute for Cement
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the possibility of utilizing clay brick waste as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete and found that a significant improvement of the split tensile and compressive strength was achieved at 10% cement replacement, after which a decrease in strength with increasing ground clay brick content was recorded.
Abstract: With the increasing concerns on the impact of cement production on the environment and the need to protect the environment, the use of mineral additives as cementitious material to partially substitute cement is being considered as an effective option. One of such material is fired clay brick which can be sourced as generated waste from clay brick industry. This has an added advantage of reducing industrial waste and preserving the natural resources. The experimental objective of this study is to examine the possibility of utilizing clay brick waste as partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete. The clay brick was finely ground into powder size, and after grinding, the morphological characterization of the powder materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the chemical composition of the brick material was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Laboratory tests were carried out to determine the workability, split tensile and compressive strength properties of the concrete with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% partial replacement of cement with ground clay brick (CB). From the test results, the chemical composition of the brick powder meets the standard requirements for pozzolanic material, with the SEM revealing an amorphous solid mass. The workability of the concrete reduces with increase in brick powder content. A significant improvement of the split tensile and compressive strength of the concrete was achieved at 10% cement replacement, after which a decrease in strength with increasing ground clay brick content was recorded. The use of ground clay brick of not more than 15% was recommended for concrete production.
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TL;DR: In this article, the median diameter and replacement ratio of Recycled Powder (RP) concrete should be below 30μm and 30%, respectively, to improve the durability of concrete when the RP fineness is superior to the cement fineness.
Abstract: Recycled powder (RP) is the main by-product in the reclamation of construction and demolition (CD in addition, improvement methods and a benefit evaluation of RP concrete are further introduced. Based on statistical data that describe the activity index of RP and the compressive strength of RP concrete, the median diameter and replacement ratio of RP in concrete preparation should be below 30 μm and 30%, respectively. The use of RP improves the durability of concrete when the RP fineness is superior to the cement fineness. Increasing the RP fineness is an effective approach to improving the properties of RP concrete, and a CO2-curing treatment of RCP is an eco-friendly modification method. Furthermore, the use of RP in concrete has good economic and environmental benefits. Therefore, one expects that this review helps the further use of RP in concrete.
188 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes the usage of brick waste as potential partial cement and aggregate replacement materials whereby the performance in terms of the mechanical strengths and some durability-related properties of the concrete were discussed.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the rheological properties of different recycled powders (RPs) processed from the construction and demolition wastes, which were clay brick powder, mixed brick powder (MBP) and dust powder (DP), were investigated for better understanding the effect on the properties of mortar.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the high volume replacement of Portland Cement (PC) in concrete with these waste materials in terms of the strength development of concrete, its effect on the hydration mechanism, the environmental impact of its use and its relation to alkali cement.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was performed to reuse the wastes of some of building materials such as marble, granite, porcelain tiles and clay brick through using them as cement and aggregate replacement materials in cement mortar.
Abstract: Building materials such as sand, cement, bricks, and steel are usually the main components of the construction sector. All these materials are produced from existing natural resources and they will cause substantial damage to the environment as a result of their continuous depletion. Moreover, during the manufacture of various building materials, especially cement, a high concentration of carbon dioxide is constantly emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, to reduce this environmental damage as well as to save natural resources, this study was performed to recycle the wastes of some of building materials such as marble, granite and porcelain tiles and clay brick through using them as cement and aggregate replacement materials in cement mortar. Sixteen mixtures were cast for this study. In addition to the control, the mortar mixes were divided into five groups, three mixes in each group. In four of the five groups, cement was replaced in three proportions (5%, 10%, 15% by weight) with each of marble, granite, porcelain and clay brick waste powders (passing through 150-μm sieve). The fifth group included 100% replacing (by weight) of the natural sand with the marble, granite and porcelain tiles wastes (with a comparable gradation). The influence of these wastes on flow rate, compressive strength, flexural strength, bulk density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and water absorption tests were observed. Results showed that it is possible to produce an eco-friendly mortar made with 100% recycled marble or porcelain aggregate with a significant improvement in the mechanical and durability properties in comparison with natural aggregate mortar.
57 citations
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TL;DR: According to the International Energy Agency, the main levers for cement producers are the increase in energy efficiency and the use of alternative materials, be it as fuel or raw materials as mentioned in this paper, and therefore, the cement industry worldwide is facing growing challenges in conserving material and energy resources, as well as reducing its CO 2 emissions.
1,075 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present status on generation and utilization of both non-hazardous and hazardous solid wastes in India, their recycling potentials and environmental implication are reported and discussed in details.
644 citations
"Structural Properties of Concrete C..." refers background in this paper
...However, to effectively adopt these waste materials as alternative binder or additive materials, it is important that detailed and accurate information on the engineering, mineralogical, morphological, physical and chemical composition properties are known [1]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a systematic research on the pozzolanicity of different bricks and clays was carried out, based on chemical, mineralogical-petrographical analyses and pozzolicity tests, applied to measure the capacity of crushed bricks in fixing calcium hydrate.
205 citations
"Structural Properties of Concrete C..." refers background in this paper
...Aside activation by thermal treatment, the pozzolanic activity of the clay brick is also a degree of its fineness [2]....
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...It was reported by [2] that supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) generated by industrial by-products such as fly ash or blast furnace slag in binder mixes can help achieve an improved concrete properties such as improved mechanical strength and durability of concrete....
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TL;DR: The results obtained show that the addition of artificial pozzolan improves the grinding time and setting times of the cement, thus the mechanical characteristics of mortar.
199 citations
"Structural Properties of Concrete C..." refers background in this paper
...Studies by [9] stated that clay brick which mostly composed of silica and alumina compounds assume its pozzolanic characteristics when activated by thermal treatment by calcination at temperature not less than 900 °C....
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TL;DR: In this paper, both the raw and calcined illite samples, before and after being mixed with Ca(OH) 2 in the presence of simulated cement pore solution, were studied by DTA, TG (for raw illite), XRD, SEM, EMPA and chemical solubility.
165 citations
"Structural Properties of Concrete C..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, the pozzolanic character of clay brick when it is activated and added to a mortar or concrete mix react with the calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 from the Portland cement forming a cementitious compounds of hydrated gel C-S-H, resulting in a modification of concrete or mortar properties [10]....
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