Structural Reorganization of the India-Arabia Strike-Slip Plate Boundary (Owen Fracture Zone; NW Indian Ocean) 2.4 million years ago
Summary (2 min read)
1 -Introduction
- Using multibeam and seismic data, tied to nearby ODP-DSDP sites, the authors performed detailed structural and stratigraphic studies to investigate the age of formation of each major structure (mainly pull-apart basins) observed along the OFZ in order to determine its age of formation.
- The results show that the present-day expression of the entire, 800-km-long OFZ formed at 2.4 Ma, from the Aden-Owen-Carlsberg triple junction to the Makran subduction zone (Fig. 1 ) and involved the opening of conspicuous pull-apart basins (from south to north: the Beautemps-Beaupré Basin, Fig. 2 ; the 20° N Basin, Fig. 3 ; the Dalrymple Trough, Fig. 4 ).
2.1 The Indus Turbiditic Channels
- In terms of relative chronology, the turbiditic channels observed west of the OFZ (in the Owen Basin) predate its formation and indicate a period of limited tectonic activity, or a period when sedimentation rates were too high to record tectonics.
- East of the OFZ, the turbiditic channels trapped or deviated by strike-slip structures postdate the formation of the OFZ.
- Dating the different turbiditic systems provides good age brackets for the formation of the OFZ.
- The age of a turbiditic channel is estimated from the age of the first pelagic layer that covers it.
2.2 Fault-Controlled Contourite Drifts
- Bottom currents influence the geometry of deep-sea sedimentary deposits and build conspicuous sedimentary formations referred to as contourite drifts (Rebesco et al., 2014) .
- In the vicinity of the OFZ, several fault-controlled contourite drifts are observed within the pelagic blanket lying over the turbiditic channels (Figs. 3 and 4 ).
- The opening of pull-apart basins along the OFZ induced local perturbations of bottom current.
- The base of a fault-controlled drift indicates the minimum age of formation of the fault.
2.3 Angular Unconformities
- Vertical motion of the seafloor (uplift or subsidence) related to faults results in major angular unconformities within the Indus fan, sometimes outlined by conspicuous fanning configurations recording the growth of the structure.
- Within the fanning configurations, numerous unconformities reflect the control of sealevel variations at the 105 years time-scale over the Indus fan sedimentation (Bourget et al., 2013) .
3 -AGE OF STRUCTURES ALONG THE OWEN FRACTURE ZONE
- The Beautemps-Beaupré Basin is almost entirely filled in by Indus turbidites.
- This unconformity can be tracked within the Beautemps-Beaupré Basin, where it coincides with the onset of lateral variations in thickness of turbidites, which marks the onset of seafloor subsidence there.
- Since its uplift above the level of turbidites deposition, the Beautemps-Beaupré Ridge is blanketed by pelagic sediments that can be correlated with pelagic sediments on top of the nearby Owen Ridge (Fig. 2 ), where ODP sites provide stratigraphic constraints (Discoaster pentaradius; Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989).
3.2 The 20°N Pull-Apart Basin
- The OFZ constitutes the western flank of the 20° N Basin, while imbricated systems of arcuate normal faults dissect its eastern flank (Fig. 3 ).
- Fossil turbidite channels are identified west of the basin, whereas the currently active channel is captured on the eastern side of the basin (Rodriguez et al., 2011; Bourget et al., 2013) .
- The opening of the basin may have disturbed the course of the bottom current and triggered the building of the drift.
- The reflector marking the base of the drift can be correlated within the pelagic cover as far as the ODP sites located at the top of the Owen Ridge.
4 -DISCUSSION AND PERSPECTIVES
- Detailed tectono-stratigraphic studies indicate the present-day configuration of the entire 800-km-long OFZ formed at 2.4 Ma, expressed by the coeval opening of the Beautemps-Beaupré basin to the south, the 20° N basin, and the Dalrymple Trough to the north.
- Ma does not correspond to a clearly identified kinematic change (DeMets et al., 2017) , making the geodynamic driver of its formation unknown.
- Either the corresponding kinematic change has not been detected so far, or there is no kinematic change related to the onset of the OFZ.
- The formation of the OFZ may simply be the last step of a series of transient adjustments of the India-Arabia plate boundary since the last major kinematic change identified in the Indian Ocean between 6 and 8 Ma (DeMets and Merkouriev, 2016; DeMets et al., 2017) .
- It is also possible that the 2.4 Ma episode of intensification of the Indian Monsoon (An et al., 2001) might have played a role in the evolution of the strike-slip system through its effect on the Indus sedimentation rates (increase up to 500 m/Ma at 2.4 Ma; Shipboard Scientific Party, 1989).
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"Structural Reorganization of the In..." refers background in this paper
...Models of structural evolution have proposed that continental strike-slip boundaries initiate as diffuse, en- echelon fault systems and become narrower with increasing maturity (Tchalenko, 1970; Wesnousky, 2005; Dooley and Schreurs, 2012; LePichon et al., 2016)....
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...Models of structural evolution have proposed that continental strike-slip boundaries initiate as diffuse, en-_ echelon fault systems and become narrower with increasing maturity (Tchalenko, 1970; Wesnousky, 2005; Dooley and Schreurs, 2012; Le Pichon et al., 2016)....
[...]
99 citations
95 citations
"Structural Reorganization of the In..." refers background in this paper
...Detailed tectonic and stratigraphic investigations have revealed that strike-slip boundaries experience dramatic episodes of structural reorganization during their lifetime, marked by the formation of new structures and the abandonment of older ones (ten Brink and BenAvraham, 1989; Wakabayashi, 2007; Brothers et al., 2009; Schattner, 2010; ten Brink and Flores, 2012; Le Pichon et al., 2001, 2013)....
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Contourites and associated sediments controlled by deep-water circulation processes: state of the art and future considerations.