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Book ChapterDOI

Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Minerals

TL;DR: In this paper, the crystal chemical and structural details related to phyllosilicates and describes the fundamental features leading to their different behaviour in different natural or technical processes, as also detailed in other chapters of this book.
Abstract: Phyllosilicates, and among them clay minerals, are of great interest not only for the scientific community but also for their potential applications in many novel and advanced areas. However, the correct application of these minerals requires a thorough knowledge of their crystal chemical properties. This chapter provides crystal chemical and structural details related to phyllosilicates and describes the fundamental features leading to their different behaviour in different natural or technical processes, as also detailed in other chapters of this book. Phyllosilicates, described in this chapter, are minerals of the (i) kaolin-serpentine group (e.g. kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, halloysite, hisingerite, lizardite, antigorite, chrysotile, amesite, carlosturanite, greenalite); (ii) talc and pyrophyllite group (e.g. pyrophyllite, ferripyrophyllite); (iii) mica group, with particular focus to illite; (iv) smectite group (e.g. montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, hectorite, sauconite); (v) vermiculite group; (vi) chlorite group; (vii) some 2:1 layer silicates involving a discontinuous octahedral sheet and a modulated tetrahedral sheet such as kalifersite, palygorskite and sepiolite; (viii) allophane and imogolite and (ix) mixed layer structures with particular focus on illite-smectite.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of clays and iron-oxide minerals as catalysts of Fenton-like reactions is a promising alternative for the decontamination of soils, groundwaters, sediments, and industrial effluents as discussed by the authors.

758 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a general overview of the microstructure, adsorptive characteristics, and environmental applications of the Mt-based adsorbents is given, which can be used for the adsorption of most of the chemical contaminants from aqueous solution.

366 citations

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure and mineralogy of clay minerals are described and the 1:1 and 2:1 layer unit cells are characterized by the repetition of one tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes structures and mineralogy of clay minerals. Phyllosilicates considered in this chapter ideally contain a continuous tetrahedral sheet. Each tetrahedron consists of a cation, T, coordinated to four oxygen atoms and linked to adjacent tetrahedra by sharing three corners (the basal oxygen atoms, Ob) to form an infinite two-dimensional hexagonal mesh pattern along the a, b crystallographic directions. The free corners (the tetrahedral apical oxygen atoms, Oa) of all tetrahedra point to the same side of the sheet and connect the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets to form a common plane with octahedral anionic position Ooct. Ooct anions lie near to the center of each tetrahedral 6-fold ring, but are not shared with tetrahedra. The 1:1 layer structure consists of the repetition of one tetrahedral and one octahedral sheet, while in the 2:1 layer structure one octahedral sheet is sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets. In the 1:1 layer structure, the unit cell includes six octahedral sites (i.e., four cis and two trans-oriented octahedral) and four tetrahedral sites. Six octahedral sites and eight tetrahedral sites characterize the 2:1 layer unit cell. Structures with all the six octahedral sites occupied are known as “trioctahedral.” If only four of the six octahedra are occupied, the structure is referred to as “dioctahedral.” The structural formula is often reported based on the half unit-cell content—that is, it is based on three octahedral sites.

318 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The adsorption efficiency of kaolinite for Rhodamine B (RhB) removal from aqueous solution is reported in this paper, where the optimized conditions for the removal of RhB were evaluated as: initial concentration of rhB (90mg/L), agitation time (80min), adsorbent dose (3 ǫ), pH (7), and temperature (303 k), with high correlation coefficients (R 2 ) confirmed the validity of the Langmuir isotherm, with monolayer adorption capacity ( q m ) equal to 4

271 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggested MMT NS could support and maintain the porous structure, making an open excess for MB molecules, and the increasing proportion of MMTNS in hydrogel beads enhanced the MB removal.

270 citations

References
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Book
12 Oct 1989
TL;DR: The nature and production of x-rays diffraction effects structures, composition, properties and occurences of clay minerals sample preparation techniques for clay minerals identification of individual clay minerals and associated mineral identification of mixed layered clay minerals quantitative analysis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The nature and production of x-rays diffraction effects structures, composition, properties and occurences of clay minerals sample preparation techniques for clay minerals sample preparation techniques for clay minerals identification of individual clay minerals and associated minerals identification of mixed layered clay minerals quantitative analysis.

4,431 citations

Book
01 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In the years 1930-1950 clay mineral identification involved mainly a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis with some assistance from other techniques, notably differential thermal analysis.
Abstract: In the years 1930—1950 clay mineral identification involved mainly a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analysis with some assistance from other techniques, notably differential thermal analysis. In the period 1950—1970 additional procedures have emerged including infrared analysis, electron optical methods and a variety of thermal methods. These procedures are now treated in other monographs sponsored by the Mineralogical Society and in many other publications. Despite the availability of other techniques, X-ray diffraction remains a basic tool for studying minerals and we hope that this monograph will continue to serve, as did the previous editions, both those concerned with the more academic aspects of clay mineralogy and also those, such as geologists, civil engineers and soil scientists, for whom identification and quantitative estimation of the minerals in natural clayey materials is a practical requirement.

3,090 citations

Book
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The surface chemistry of soils as mentioned in this paper, The surface Chemistry of soils, The surface chemistry in soils, M.R.K.M.Mousavian et al., 2013.
Abstract: The surface chemistry of soils , The surface chemistry of soils , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

1,892 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Halloysite clay minerals are ubiquitous in soils and weathered rocks where they occur in a variety of particle shapes and hydration states as discussed by the authors and diversity also characterizes their chemical composition, cation exchange capacity and potassium selectivity.
Abstract: Halloysite clay minerals are ubiquitous in soils and weathered rocks where they occur in a variety of particle shapes and hydration states. Diversity also characterizes their chemical composition, cation exchange capacity and potassium selectivity. This review summarizes the extensive but scattered literature on halloysite, from its natural occurrence, through its crystal structure, chemical and morphological diversity, to its reactivity toward organic compounds, ions and salts, involving the various methods of differentiating halloysite from kaolinite. No unique test seems to be ideal to distinguish these 1:1 clay minerals, especially in soils. The occurrence of 2:1 phyllosilicate contaminants appears, so far, to provide the best explanation for the high charge and potassium selectivity of halloysite. Yet, hydration properties of the mineral probably play a major role in ion sorption. Clear trends seem to relate particle morphology and structural Fe. However, future work is required to understand the possible mechanisms linking chemical, morphological, hydration and charge properties of halloysite.

1,156 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

1,145 citations


"Structure and Mineralogy of Clay Mi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The interactions between clay minerals and water molecules are further described in Chapter 3, while the reviews by McEwan and Wilson (1980), Sposito and Prost (1982), Parker (1986), Newman (1987), McBride (1989), Güven (1992) and Brown et al....

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  • ...A voluminous literature exists on the hydration of interlayer cations (Hendricks et al., 1940; Mooney et al., 1952; Norrish, 1954; van Olphen, 1965, 1969; Suquet et al., 1975, 1977; MacEwan and Wilson, 1980; Suquet and Pezerat, 1987)....

    [...]

  • ...Swelling of smectites occurs in a stepwise fashion, through the sequential formation of integer-layer hydrates (Norrish, 1954), and hence may be viewed as a series of phase transitions between such hydrates (Laird, 1994)....

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  • ...Kaolinite Pauling (1930) was the first to outline the crystal structure of kaolinite using models based on idealized polyhedra....

    [...]