Structure development and crystallization behaviour of PP/nanoparticulate composite
TL;DR: In this article, the structure development and crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP) containing nanoparticles of calcium phosphate prepared by a new route based on matrix mediated control of growth and morphology was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy and DSC techniques.
About: This article is published in Polymer.The article was published on 2001-07-01. It has received 195 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Crystallization.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the processing, structure, and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with respective layered silicates, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes is presented.
Abstract: Recently, polymer nanocomposites reinforced with lower volume fraction of nanoceramics and carbon nanotubes have attracted steadily growing interest due to their peculiar and fascinating properties as well as their unique applications in commercial sectors. The incorporation of nanoceramics such as layered silicate clays, calcium carbonate or silica nanoparticles arranged on the nanometer scale with a high aspect ratio and/or an extremely large surface area into polymers improves their mechanical performances significantly. The properties of nanocomposites depend greatly on the chemistry of polymer matrices, nature of nanofillers, and the way in which they are prepared. The uniform dispersion of nanofillers in the polymer matrices is a general prerequisite for achieving desired mechanical and physical characteristics. In this review article, current development on the processing, structure, and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with respective layered silicates, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes will be addressed. Particular attention is paid on the structure–property relationship of such novel high-performance polymer nanocomposites.
1,346 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a PMMA/expanded graphite (EG) composites were prepared by direct solution blending of PMMA with the expanded graphite filler, and electrical conductivity and dielectric properties were measured by a four-point probe resistivity determiner and a DEA.
563 citations
Cites background from "Structure development and crystalli..."
...Fumed silica dioxide and nanometallic powder are particles, which are characterized by three dimensions in the nanometer range [2,3]....
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...These fillers effectively improve the conductivity of polymers [3,11–13]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the important properties of three components in a general polymer nanocomposite: the polymer matrix, the nanoscale filler, and the interfacial region are discussed, highlighting theory and experimental observations from several different fields to help guide the future research and development of understanding in this critical field.
Abstract: Polymer nanocomposites offer significant potential in the development of advanced materials for numerous applications These novel materials benefit from the synergy between filler particles and polymer chains that are on similar length scales and the large quantity of interfacial area relative to the volume of the material Although enhanced properties of these materials have been demonstrated by numerous researchers, our fundamental knowledge of the “nano” effect in terms of mechanical properties is not fully developed In this article, we discuss the important properties of three components in a general polymer nanocomposite: the polymer matrix, the nanoscale filler, and the interfacial region We highlight theory and experimental observations from several different fields to help guide the future research and development of understanding in this critical field
525 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ polymerization of vinyl chloride (VC) in the presence of CaCO 3 nanoparticles, and their thermal, rheological and mechanical properties were evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), capillary rheometry, tensile and impact fracture tests.
330 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was carried out on steel plates coated with these formulations containing 10 wt% polyaniline prepared with different concentrations of nano-TiO2.
287 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new, versatile and environmentally benign synthesis approach by polymer melt intercalation is discussed. But, unlike in-situ polymerization and solution inter-calation, melt interalation involves mixing the layered silicates with the polymer and heating the mixture above the softening point of the polymer.
Abstract: Polymer nanocomposites with layered silicates as the inorganic phase (reinforcement) are discussed. The materials design and synthesis rely on the ability of layered silicates to intercalate in the galleries between their layers a wide range of monomers and polymers. Special emphasis is placed on a new, versatile and environmentally benign synthesis approach by polymer melt intercalation. In contrast to in-situ polymerization and solution intercalation, melt intercalation involves mixing the layered silicate with the polymer and heating the mixture above the softening point of the polymer. Compatibility with various polymers is accomplished by derivatizing the silicates with alkyl ammonium cations via an ion exchange reaction. By fine-tuning the surface characteristics nanodispersion (i. e. intercalation or delamination) can be accomplished. The resulting polymer layered silicate (PLS) nanocomposites exhibit properties dramatically different from their more conventional counterparts. For example, PLS nanocomposites can attain a particular degree of stiffness, strength and barrier properties with far less inorganic content than comparable glass- or mineral reinforced polymers and, therefore, they are far lighter in weight. In addition, PLS nanocomposites exhibit significant increase in thermal stability as well as self-extinguishing characteristics. The combination of improved properties, convenient processing and low cost has already led to a few commercial applications with more currently under development.
3,468 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the carboxyl and amino end groups were attributed to ammonium cations (-NH3+) of nylon molecules, because the difference agreed with the anion site concentration of the montmorillonite in NCH.
Abstract: It was found that montmorillonite cation exchanged for 12-aminolauric acid (12-montmorillonite) was swollen by ∊-caprolactam to form a new intercalated compound. Caprolactam was polymerized in the interlayer of montmorillonite, a layer silicate, yielding a nylon 6-clay hybrid (NCH). The silicate layers of montmorillonite were uniformly dispersed in nylon 6. The carboxyl end groups of 12-aminolauric acid in 12-montmorillonite initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam, and as 12-montmorillonite content became larger, the molecular weight of nylon was reduced. From the result of end-group analysis, carboxyl end groups were more than amino end groups. The difference between the carboxyl and the amino end groups was attributed to ammonium cations (-NH3+) of nylon molecules, because the difference agreed with the anion site concentration of the montmorillonite in NCH. It is suggested that the ammonium cations in nylon 6 interact with the anions in montmorillonite.
2,135 citations
TL;DR: A polyimide hybrid with montmorillonite clay mineral has been synthesized from a dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solution of poly(amic acid) and a DMAC dispersion of montmoroniite intercalated with an ammonium salt of dodecylamine as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A polyimide hybrid with montmorillonite clay mineral has been synthesized from a dimethylacetamide (DMAC) solution of poly(amic acid) and a DMAC dispersion of montmorillonite intercalated with an ammonium salt of dodecylamine. Montmorillonite consists of stacked silicate sheets about 2000 A in length, 10 A in thickness. In this hybrid, montmorillonite is dispersed homogeneously into the polyimide matrix and oriented parallel to the film surface. Thanks to this special structure, this hybrid showed excellent gas barrier properties. Only 2 wt % addition of montmorillonite brought permeability coefficients of various gases to values less than half of those of ordinary polyimide. Furthermore, this hybrid had low thermal expansion coefficient. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1,387 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the dispersibility of 10-A-thick silicate layers of the clays in the hybrid was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer.
Abstract: Polypropylene (PP)−clay hybrids (PPCH) have been prepared by simple melt-mixing of three components, i.e., PP, maleic anhydride modified polypropylene oligomers (PP-MA), and clays intercalated with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10-A-thick silicate layers of the clays in the hybrids was investigated by using a transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. It is found that there are two important factors to achieve the exfoliated and homogeneous dispersion of the layers in the hybrids: (1) the intercalation capability of the oligomers in the layers and (2) the miscibility of the oligomers with PP. Almost complete hybrids were obtained in the case where the PP-MA has both intercalation capability and miscibility. The hybrids exhibit higher storage moduli compared to those of PP especially in the temperature range from Tg to 90 °C. The highest relative storage modulus at 80 °C of the hybrid based on a mica and the miscible PP-MA is as high as 2.0 to that of PP and is 2.4 to that of the ...
1,379 citations