Studies of Modern Man
01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
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TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
8 citations
Dissertation•
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.
3 citations
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TL;DR: A study was made of twinning rates in mothers of different ethnic origin delivered in two hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria; the great majority were of Western Nigerian origin.
Abstract: A study was made of twinning rates in mothers of different ethnic origin delivered in two hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria; the great majority were of Western Nigerian origin. The twinning rates in mothers of Western, Eastern, Mid-Western and Northern Nigerian origin were 45, 45, 31 and 21/1000 maternities, respectively. The monozygotic twinning rates determined by sex, placentation, blood groups and other genetically determined markers in the different ethnic groups varied very little, the differences in the overall twinning rates being mainly due to variation in the dizygotic rates. The effect of factors such as hospital selection and maternal age and parity on the observed incidence of twinning is discussed.
32 citations
TL;DR: The frequency data available at present on populations throughout the world for the isozyme variants of the enzyme adenylate kinase are tabulated and the frequencies of the AK 2 are calculated.
Abstract: The frequency data available at present on populations throughout the world for the isozyme variants of the enzyme adenylate kinase are tabulated and the frequencies of the AK 2
31 citations
TL;DR: A prospective study of twin births with determination of zygosity by blood group, biochemical and placental studies would be of interest in Nigeria, where a very high rate of twinning was found and appeared to be due to increased numbers of dizygotic twins.
Abstract: In recent years a number of studies of newborn twins have been made in the United States and in England (Benirschke, 1961; Potter, 1963; Edwards, Cameron & Wingham, 1967; Corney, Robson & Strong, 1968) in which details of placentation have been recorded together with information on zygosity using a variety of genetically determined characters. Whilst there has been some variation in the results from these studies, the overall pattern has been the same, the placentation of dizygotic twins was consistently dichorionic, the majority of monozygotic twins had a monochorionic placenta, and a minority (between 20 % and 30 %) had dichorionic placentae. All these reports have been on Caucasian populations. Potter (1963) did not define the composition of her sample at the time of publication, but has recently confirmed that this was entirely Caucasian. Reports of twinning in Negro populations have also been published (Bulmer, 1960; Heuser, 1967; Shipley et al. 1967 and Nylander, 1967), but none of these studies included details of placentation, nor was zygosity determined by the use of red cell antigens or other genetically determined characters in blood or placental tissue. The figures from Nigeria are taken from hospital statistics (Nylander, 1967) and from the total population of a rural community (Igbo-Ore) in Western Nigeria (Nylander 1969), since there are no national statistics available. A very high rate of twinning was found and appeared to be due to increased numbers of dizygotic twins. The proportion of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs was estimated from the sex distribution using Weinberg's formula (1902), which states that the number of dizygotic pairs equals twice the number of unlike-sexed pairs. It was felt therefore that a prospective study of twin births with determination of zygosity by blood group, biochemical and placental studies would be of interest. Such a survey was initiated from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ibadan in 1967.
30 citations
Journal Article•
30 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of anthropometric data from three adjacent villages in New Guinea demonstrates that the villages can be significantly separated morphologically and some speculations are presented on the cause of the “genetic” component of morphological variation.
Abstract: In two previous papers Giles, Walsh and Bradley ('66) and Giles, Wyber and Walsh ('70) have shown that the inhabitants of three adjacent villages on the edge of the Markham Valley in New Guinea have significant heterogeneity in all blood group frequencies tested. The language, environment, culture, and ancestry of these people are essentially identical. The differences in the blood group frequencies were attributed to genetic drift and particularly to founder effect.
In this paper the anthropometric data from these villages are analysed. Analysis of variance shows that 50% of the traits are significantly different. Multiple discriminant analysis demonstrates that the villages can be significantly separated morphologically. The heritability of each trait is determined using an analysis of within and among sibship variation. Traits with strong “genetic” components of variation and traits with strong “environmental” components contribute significantly to the morphological heterogeneity among the villages. Some speculations are presented on the cause of the “genetic” component of morphological variation.
29 citations