Studies of Modern Man
01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
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TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
8 citations
Dissertation•
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.
3 citations
References
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TL;DR: The mesiodistal crown diameters of 658 subjects were measured and the crown-size profile pattern of individuals lacking one or more mandibular third molars is distinctly different from that of the total group.
Abstract: Agenesis and hypodontia are associated with crown-size reduction in the remaining teeth (S. M. GARN ET AL, J Dent Res 41:717, 1962, Nature 200:488-489, 1963; J Dent Res 42:13441363, 1963; H. J. KEENE, Amer J Orth 50: 445-451, 1964; and K. HANIHARA ET AL, J Anthrop Soc Nippon 73:72-81, 1965). The question arises as to whether crown-size reduction associated with tooth number reduction is uniform throughout the remaining teeth or whether there is differential reduction in tooth material that results in a distinctly different crown-size profile pattern. In order to answer this question we measured the mesiodistal crown diameters of 658 subjects, including 82 with third molar agenesis and 19 with radiographically verified agenesis of multiple teeth. The original measurements were converted into sex-specific t-scores using a computer program (C. R. BLACK, Ann NY Acad Sci 134:538-540, 1966). The crown-size profile patterns were then compared using the statistic rT as previously described (S. M. GARN ET AL, J Dent Res 47:1190, 1968: Arch Oral Biol 13:1235-1242, 1968: Amer Anthrop 71: 79-84, 1969). As shown in the table, the crown-size profile pattern of individuals lacking one or more mandibular third molars is distinctly different from that of the total group (r=-0.34). Sim-
21 citations
TL;DR: The pigment could not be identified by histochemical studies of biopsy specimens and a portable reflectance spectrophotometer did not define its characteristics, but it is suggested that it is due to the accumulation of a red intermediary metabolite in the formation of melanin.
Abstract: SUMMARY
An unusual pigmentation of skin is described amongst indigenes of widely scattered areas in New Guinea. It is suggested that it is due to the accumulation of a red intermediary metabolite in the formation of melanin, and that it results from a metabolic error determined by an autosomal recessive gene. Pedigrees of thirty-three families with red skins are presented and analysed. The pigment could not be identified by histochemical studies of biopsy specimens and a portable reflectance spectrophotometer did not define its characteristics. The gene is present in high frequency in some areas in which it must possess a significant survival advantage.
21 citations
Book•
30 Jun 2000
TL;DR: A portrait of the Seminole people, written when their way of life was virtually unknown to the rest of the world, was first published in 1889 as mentioned in this paper, and describes their clothing and ornaments, the chickees in which the people lived, their economic pursuits, crafts, and other aspects of everyday life.
Abstract: A portrait of the Seminole people, written when their way of life was virtually unknown to the rest of the world, and first published in 1889. It describes their clothing and ornaments, the chickees in which the people lived, their economic pursuits, crafts, and other aspects of everyday life.
20 citations
TL;DR: This article found that rural women are far more favourable to high fertility than those of urban women, though for both groups the modal number of children preferred is five or six, while the urban women preferred fewer children than rural women.
Abstract: The paper attempts to glean some information on differential fertility from data obtained in a survey of selected urban and rural communities in Western Nigeria. The results show that the attitudes of rural women are far more favourable to high fertility than those of urban women, though for both groups the modal number of children preferred is five or six. The analysis also yields a total fertility of nearly six and an average family size of about five for both groups. No conclusive evidence of rural-urban fertility differentials has, however, been found. All that can be said on the basis of the available data is that the level of fertility in Western Nigeria is currently very high and that urban fertility is probably as high as rural fertility, though the probability of much larger errors in the rural than in the urban data may imply somewhat higher rural fertility.
19 citations