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Journal ArticleDOI

Studies of Modern Man

01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.

8 citations

Dissertation
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.

3 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that on Hirado the increased reproductivity of the consanguineous marriage largely offsets the increased mortality among the issue from such unions, and thereby dampens the rate of elimination of deleterious genes and the loss of genetic variability.
Abstract: A census of Hirado, Japan in the summer of 1964 produced data on the reproductive performances of husbands and wives for 10,530 marriages where either the husband, the wife, or both were alive and residing in the city at the time of the census. Approximately one in every 6 of these marriages involves spouses who are biologically related to one another, and in some 10 per cent of marriages the husband, wife, or both are inbred. Analysis of the effects of length of cohabitation, socio-economic status, and consanguinity and inbreeding on total pregnancies, total livebirths, and “net fertility” (total livebirths minus non-accidental deaths in the first 21 years of life) revealed the following insofar as marriages contracted in the years 1920–1939 are concerned: 1. Total pregnancies and total livebirths were significantly increased with consanguinity, but “net fertility” was not when allowance is made for the role of socio-economic factors, and religious affiliation is ignored. The latter finding is thought to reflect the increased risk of death to liveborn children born to consanguineous marriages. Among Buddhists, the only religious group large enough to warrant separate analysis, total pregnancies, total livebirths and “net fertility” are all significantly and positively associated with parental relationship. However, the regression coefficient associated with “net fertility” is less than half the value associated with either total pregnancies or total livebirths. 2. Among non-farm marriages, all three measures of reproductivity were increased significantly with paternal inbreeding when religious affiliation is ignored or restricted to Buddhists. Among farm marriages, these measures were decreased but not always significantly so. Tests of the significance of the differences between farm and non-farm groups were almost invariably significant. No simple explanation other than chance can be advanced for this finding. 3. total pregnancies and total livebirths, but not “net fertility” increase significantly with maternal inbreeding among non-farm marriages; within farm marriages these three metrics also increase, but significantly so only in the case of total livebirths. It is suggested that on Hirado the increased reproductivity of the consanguineous marriage largely offsets the increased mortality among the issue from such unions, and thereby dampens the rate of elimination of deleterious genes and the loss of genetic variability.

108 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the consequences of the introduction of sisal agriculture to Northeastern Brazil exemplifies a fruitful area of collaboration between nutritionists and anthropologists, and the process by which sisal leaves are transformed into exportable fiber is analyzed with emphasis on the human energy expenditure required.
Abstract: This study of the consequences of the introduction of sisal agriculture to Northeastern Brazil exemplifies a fruitful area of collaboration between nutritionists and anthropologists. The process by which sisal leaves are transformed into exportable fiber is analysed with emphasis on the human energy expenditure required. Two representative household energy budgets are examined in detail to determine the impact of sisal labor. Energy costs of sisal laborers are so great in relation to wages that systematic deprivation of adequate calories to the non-productive dependents of sisal workers is necessary. The rapidly growing children are especially affected. This process is exhibited statistically in a sampled population by relative retardation in growth rate among children of sisal workers.

107 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two main methods of estimating the relative contributions of parental contributions to a racial hybrid population when the traits involved are determined by a random set of independently assorting loci are reconsidered.
Abstract: When a racial hybrid population has arisen from the intermarriage of two or more parental populations, a problem of interest is to determine what the relative contributions are from each parental population to the hybrid. Various distance measures have been proposed whereby, on the basis of several traits, the distance between the hybrid and each of the parental populations can be estimated; these distances are then sometimes interpreted, as a first approximation, as being inversely proportional to the parental contributions (Pollitzer, 1964). In the particular case that all the traits considered are discrete in nature and each is determined by alleles at a single locus (or system of tightly linked loci), it is possible to estimate the parental contributions more directly. It is the purpose of this paper to reconsider two main methods of doing this when the traits involved are determined by a random set of independently assorting loci. Roberts & Hiorns (1962, 1965) proposed a least-squares solution to the problem, and Krieger et al. (1965) gave a maximum-likelihood solution. Both methods, as given by these authors, can be improved. We shall here restate both methods, using a common notation, and point out the improvements possible ; furthermore, some results of using these methods will also be presented, so that the methods may be compared empirically.

96 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from matched birth and death records of infants born in Baltimore City were analyzed by a binary variable multiple regression analysis method to determine the effects of birthweight race socioeconomic status prenatal care maternal age and live birth order on neonatal and postneonatal mortality.
Abstract: Data from matched birth and death records of infants born in Baltimore City were analyzed by a binary variable multiple regression analysis method to determine the effects of birthweight race socioeconomic status prenatal care maternal age and live birth order on neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Crude and net effects of each factor were compared to determine whether adjustments for the other factors modified its effects on neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Birthweight was found to be the most important factor in both neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Adjustments for the other factors did not modify the effect of birthweight. Prenatal care appeared to be an important factor in both neonatal and postnenonatal mortality. However interpretation of the effects of this factor was difficult and it was not clear if this variable represented the effects of medical care received. Race socioeconomic status and maternal age were important in the neonatal period only because of the their relation to birthweight. In the absence of birthweight effects these factors were found to have no effect on neonatal mortality. Both the crude and net effects of live birth order indicate that this factor was not important in the neonatal period. In the postneonatal period however all of these factors (except for race) were important. Next to birthweight maternal age and live birth order were most important in postneonatal mortality. (authors)

94 citations