Studies of Modern Man
01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
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TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
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Dissertation•
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.
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Journal Article•
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TL;DR: A simple, time-saving agar gel electrophoretic technique for determination of adenylate kinase phenotypes is described.
Abstract: A simple, time-saving agar gel electrophoretic technique for determination of adenylate kinase phenotypes is described. The separations were performed in 0.05 m phosphate buffer, pH 6.2, in a water-co
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TL;DR: It was found that the subjects spent very little time in strenuous physical exertion and calorie balance was not achieved over a period of a few days, in accord with evidence of workers in other countries.
Abstract: 1. Information was obtained on the activity and food intake of ninety-two boys and 186 girls aged 16–19 years over a period of 7 days. Seventy-four boys and 132 girls were students, and eighteen boys and fifty-four girls were employed. 2. Each subject recorded daily activity on a chart divided into squares corresponding to 5 min, using a code letter for each type of activity. The amounts of all foods and beverages consumed each day were recorded in a food diary. 3. The energy expenditure of each subject was estimated from selected values for the energy cost of each activity. The intakes of calories and nutrients were calculated from tables of food composition. 4. It was found that the subjects spent very little time in strenuous physical exertion. There were slight differences between the age-group and the occupation groups, but between 78 and 80% of the total time was spent in bed or seated, 14–20% in very light to light physical activity and only 1.5–4.4% in any activity greater than walking at an even pace. 5. The group means for estimated energy expenditure in kcal, with their standard deviations, were: schoolboys aged 16–17, 2780 ± 250; employed boys aged 16–17, 2890±240; schoolboys aged 18–19, 2710±280; employed boys aged 18–19, 2749±270; schoolgirls aged 16–17, 2030±170; employed girls aged 16–17, 2140±240; schoolgirls aged 18–19, 2040±190; trainee teachers aged 18–19, 1900±140; employed girls aged 18–19, 2070±160. 6. Group means for the intake of kcal were: schoolboys aged 16–17, 3040±540; employed boys aged 16–17, 2730±520; schoolboys aged 18–19, 3110±450; employed boys aged 18–19, 2700–170; schoolgirls aged 16–17, 2140±420; employed girls aged 16–17, 1910±310; schoolgirls aged 18–19, 2400 ± 310; trainee teachers aged 18–19, 2020 ± 330; employed girls aged 18–19, 2030±440 7. The employed girls aged 16–17 had lower intakes of calories and all nutrients than the schoolgirls of the same age. 8. No correlation was found between the weight and calorie intake of individual subjects, nor between their calorie intake and energy expenditure during the time interval studied. The results indicated that for these Australian subjects, calorie balance was not achieved over a period of a few days. This is in accord with evidence of workers in other countries. 9. The findings suggest the need for further studies on the nutritional status of Australian employed girls aged 16–17.
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TL;DR: The comparison of the present results with the ossification ages of the various hand-wrist centers in the same group of children determined in a previous study revealed that the less retarded hand epiphyses of the distal rows had precocious ossified timing, while the more retarded centers of the proximal rows around the wrist had delayed ossifying timing relative to the American white children.
Abstract: The hand-wrist radiographs of 571 Chinese boys and girls from Hong Kong, 2 months to 17 years old, were assessed center-by-center according to the Greulich-Pyle Atlas. For each child the mean skeletal ages (SA) of six bone groups with each group consisting of bones from the same rows, were recorded. The overall SA was also obtained as the arithmetic mean of all centers.
Maturation disparity between the various bone groups was demonstrated with the two proximal rows (distal radio-ulna, carpals) more retarded, the two distal rows (middle and distal phalanges) less retarded, and the two middle rows (metacarpals, proximal phalanges) intermediate in maturity. This disparity was especially pronounced during the childhood period and was more marked in boys. Recording SA of separate bone groups in addition to the overall SA was recommended in the presence of significant maturation disparity.
The comparison of the present results with the ossification ages of the various hand-wrist centers in the same group of children determined in a previous study (Lee et al., '68) revealed that the less retarded hand epiphyses of the distal rows had precocious ossification timing, while the more retarded centers of the proximal rows around the wrist had delayed ossification timing relative to the American white children.
11 citations