Studies of Modern Man
01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
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TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
8 citations
Dissertation•
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.
3 citations
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TL;DR: An analysis of a-b and a-d palm ridge counts was made from samples of people in eight indigenous Taiwan populations, and differences between hands, sexes, and populations were all significant.
Abstract: An analysis of a-b and a-d palm ridge counts was made from samples of people in eight indigenous Taiwan populations. Differences between hands, sexes, and populations were all significant. Bimanual differences for both counts were large, and right hand counts were consistently smaller than those for the left hand in all the populations. This is believed to be a consequence of the evolution of development, reflecting some inborn bilateral differences in function and anatomy. Sex differences, although small, were noticed. Variations between populations, ranging from approximately 7 to 19% of the total, were assumed to be genetic. The population relationships, based on dermatoglyphics, partially resembled those based on anthropometric measurements; and some aspects of their evolutionary significance were discussed.
9 citations
TL;DR: Using serial dilutions in the sorting test the taste thresholds for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were determined in Lapp populations in the region of Inari (Enare) in NE Finland and in unrelated Finns whose parents mainly came from the two northernmost Finnish counties.
Abstract: Using serial dilutions in the sorting test the taste thresholds for phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) were determined in Lapp populations in the region of Inari (Enare) in NE Finland and in unrelated Finns whose parents mainly came from the two northernmost Finnish counties, Lapland and Oulu (Uleaborg). A high frequency of non-tasters was noted among the highly related Skolt Lapp populations both at Sevettijarvi and Nellim, 28.3 and 29.7% respectively. The frequency of non-tasters among the Nellim Fisher Lapps was low, 10.5%, which is in good agreement with earlier measurements of taste sensitivity to PTC among Lapps.The frequency of non-tasters among the Finns was 22.1%. The frequency of PTC non-tasters among the Finns in North Finland seems to be lower than the figures reported by other authors for the Finns in South Finland. In all the populations studied a higher frequency of non-tasters and a lower average taste sensitivity for PTC were observed among males than among females. The Skolt males showed a marked reduction of the PTC taste sensitivity with age.
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TL;DR: The minimum width and the length of each diaphysis of the hand were measured on serial radiographs of 20 boys and 20 girls and communality indices reflect the associations between each diphysis and all the other diaphyses of theHand in their rates of change in width and length-width ratio.
Abstract: The minimum width and the length of each diaphysis of the hand were measured on serial radiographs of 20 boys and 20 girls. These radiographs were taken close to each birthday at ages from 3 to 13 years inclusive. The corresponding length-width ratios were calculated from these parameters. The b values (indicating rates of change) were calculated for width and length-width ratio in each diaphysis in each child. Communality indices (mean r between b values) were calculated for individual diaphyses. These communality indices reflect the associations between each diaphysis and all the other diaphyses of the hand in their rates of change in width and length-width ratio. The sex differences were not statistically significant for mean b values but they were significant for the communality indices for width (boys higher) and length-width ratio (girls higher). Statistically significant neighborhood effects were present in communality indices for widths within rays for the girls and for ratios within rays for both sexes. There were statistically significant marginal effects in communality indices for widths in the girls within rows and for length-width ratios in the boys within rays.
8 citations
Journal Article•
8 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Peruvian native appears to be well adapted to the cold conditions found in the high ecological zones of the Andes, most studies have shown that natives who inhabit cold climates are well adapted.
Abstract: An important aspect of temperature regulation in man is the maintenance of elevated extremity temperatures for adequate neuromuscular function, to prevent cold injury, and for comfort under cold ambient conditions. Adequate temperature regulation can be an acute problem in societies where the material culture affords incomplete protection from the cold. This is especially true in the Peruvian Andes where most of the native population wear only sandals or go barefoot. Among Quechua Indians, it has been shown that while much of the body is well protected from the cold by wool clothing, the face, the hands, and the feet are generally exposed (Hanna, 1968). In the Southern Andes of Peru, seasonal changes present different patterns of cold stress to the incompletely protected individual. During the dry season, temperatures fall below freezing at night and the likelihood of cold exposure is great during the late afternoon, early evening, and early morning hours. The wet season might be less stressful because of warmer nights, yet during the day the feet may be directly exposed to cold water and even snow. In spite of these climatic conditions and the lack of cultural protection of the extremities, the Peruvian native appears to be well adapted to the cold conditions found in the high ecological zones of the Andes. Most studies have shown that natives who inhabit cold climates are
8 citations