Studies of Modern Man
01 Oct 1972-Annual Review of Anthropology (Annual Reviews 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0139, USA)-Vol. 1, Iss: 1, pp 55-112
TL;DR: A review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971 as mentioned in this paper, and aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man.
Abstract: This review of studies in the physical anthropology of modern man concerns papers that have appeared in the period from mid-1969 to mid-1971. Though far from comprehensive it aims to show how much activity there is in each major topic of investigation in the biological study of populations of man that exist today, and to pick out any trends in investigation that may be detectable. Several topics have been intentionally excluded, e.g. behavior studies, psychometric investigations, descriptive osteometry, and epidemiological works relating to particular disease states.
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TL;DR: The article demonstrates the need for future public health policies to take new geographic and ecological concepts, such as the pathogenic complex, epidemiological landscape or pathocenosis, need to be integrated into the medical reasoning process.
8 citations
Dissertation•
10 Nov 2011
TL;DR: La malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de the restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) of the ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelsle durant the gestation.
Abstract: De nombreuses donnees indiquent qu’un petit poids a la naissance, resultant en partie d’une sous-nutrition materno-fœtale, est associe a une augmentation de la morbidite et de la mortalite durant la periode neonatale, et conduit egalement a un risque accru de developper a l'âge adulte un syndrome metabolique (diabete de type 2, obesite, hypertension arterielle et dyslipidemie). Les mecanismes de cette programmation prenatale sont encore mal connus et impliqueraient plusieurs molecules et systemes physiologiques distincts. De nombreuses etudes suggerent que le placenta serait implique dans la programmations de ces pathologies metaboliques. En effet, celui-ci constitue un organe de communication entre la mere et son fœtus et participe a la regulation de l'homeostasie fœtale. En raison de la proportion croissante de femmes presentant des troubles de la nutrition durant la grossesse et en lien avec leurs repercussions potentielles chez la descendance, il est necessaire de mieux comprendre les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et l’unite fœto-placentaire et d’identifier les mecanismes impliques dans les alterations de la croissance fœtale. En consequent, le placenta constitue un organe de choix pour etudier les interactions entre l’alimentation maternelle et le fœtus au cours de la grossesse. Durant cette these, nous avons tente d’identifier de nouvelles voies moleculaires placentaires impliquees dans le controle de la croissance fœtale chez le rat, puis d'etudie l'expression de ces facteurs dans des placentas humains provenant de grossesses impliquant des anomalies de la croissance fœtale. Comme la malnutrition maternelle constitue une part importante dans l'etiologie de la restriction de croissance intra-uterine (RCIU), nous avons utilise un modele experimental effectue chez le rat, qui consiste en une reduction (de 50% a 70%) de la ration alimentaire quotidienne maternelle durant la gestation. Ces regimes conduisent a des troubles de la croissance de l'unite fœto-placentaire reveles par des reductions drastiques du poids du placenta et des poids de naissance a terme. Afin d'identifier de nouvelles voies placentaires impliquees dans RCIU, nous avons utilise deux methodologies differentes: une approche proteomique et une evaluation de deux proteines recemment caracterisees.Premierement, nous avons etudie le proteome placentaire chez le rat RCIU provenant de meres denutris par une analyse proteomique (2D-PAGE et spectrometrie de masse). Cette strategie nous a permis de decouvrir de nouvelles voies modulees par le RCIU et, etonnamment, des modulations importantes ont ete observees pour plusieurs proteines mitochondriales, suggerant un effet cible de la denutrition sur ces organites. Par la suite, en utilisant diverses techniques d'analyses moleculaires, proteomiques et fonctionnelles, nous avons montre que ces organites elaborent une reponse adaptative a la restriction alimentaire maternelle qui pourrait avoir des consequences sur la regulation de la croissance fœtale. Deuxiemement, nous avons etudie deux autres proteines atypiques: le brain-derived neurotrophic factor et l'hormone apeline. Nos resultats suggerent que ces deux facteurs pourraient etre impliques, au niveau placentaire, dans le controle de la croissance fœtale a la fois chez le rat et chez l'homme. En conclusion, comme les techniques cliniques actuelles ne permettent pas de diagnostiquer avec precision un RCIU, nos resultats pourraient permettre une meilleure comprehension de la physiopathologie placentaire et permettre de developper de nouveaux marqueurs de diagnostique et/ou de traitement dans le but d'ameliorer la croissance placentaire et fœtale en conditions pathologiques.
3 citations
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TL;DR: This study was undertaken to remedy a deficiency in the investigation of a population in the industrial north-east of England, which showed a pronounced secular tren,d to earlier maturation and little in the way of variation from one region to another.
Abstract: In the last 20 years have appeared several studies of current age at menarche in Britain, which show a pronounced secular tren,d to earlier maturation and little in the way of variation from one region to another. The majority of these surveys however relate to the southern part of England, and there has been no investigation of a population in the industrial north-east. This study was undertaken to remedy this deficiency.
61 citations
TL;DR: A correlation has been found between two measures of relationship between pairs of clans: Kurczynski's modification of Mahalanobis's distance measure based on gene frequency differences and a comparison of the relative contributions of founders to the gene pools of the clans.
Abstract: An investigation of the founder effect has been made on the H-leut, a religious isolate. Ninety-one founders, representing a maximum of 150 independent genomes, have been shown to account for the total gene pool of the 9,536 people in two of the three major subpopulations within the isolate, the S-leut and the L-leut. Each of these two leut is subdivided into four clans which in turn are subdivided into colonies. Malecot's coefficient of kinship has been calculated between each of the 91 founders and the contemporary parents, and used to describe the relative genetic contributions of the founders to the gene pool of each subpopulation. Analysis of this distribution suggests that a considerable amount of genetic diversity may be attributable to the founder effect. Part of this diversity may be accounted for by variation in the birth dates of the founders. The size of the subset of the 91 founders related to each subpopulation decreases with decreasing subpopulation level. A correlation has been found between two measures of relationship between pairs of clans: (1) Kurczynski's modification of Mahalanobis's distance measure based on gene frequency differences; and (2) a comparison of the relative contributions of founders to the gene pools of the clans.
57 citations
Journal Article•
56 citations
TL;DR: It is presumed that the contraceptive effect of lactation had largely disappeared at 27 months after delivery, and that menstruation reappeared in 20.9% of the women at 6 months.
Abstract: Data were collected from 368 Rwanda women, 50 non-lactating and 318 lactating, to determine the effect of lactation on conception rate and the return of menstruation. During lactation the majority of conceptions were found to be delayed by some 15 months, but the family spacing effect was maximal during the first 9 months. By 27 months after delivery the contraceptive effect of lactation can be assumed to have largely disappeared.
55 citations
TL;DR: In a sample of 282 marriages in New Nubia in Egypt, 39% were between first cousins and 21% between less closely related kin, with the average number of liveborn offspring in first-cousin marriages higher than in marriages between more distant relations and unrelated spouses.
Abstract: In a sample of 282 marriages in New Nubia in Egypt, 39% were between first cousins and 21% between less closely related kin. The average number of liveborn offspring in first-cousin marriages was higher than in marriages between more distant relations and unrelated spouses, but the number of deaths among children of first-cousin couples was also higher.
55 citations