Studies on energetic compounds. Part 8 : Thermolysis of salts of HNO3 and HClO4
TL;DR: The thermolysis of various substituted ammonium salts of nitric and perchloric acids has been reviewed and it has been observed that the proton transfer process do play a major role during thermolyses of these salts.
About: This article is published in Journal of Hazardous Materials.The article was published on 2000-12-01. It has received 69 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Thermal decomposition.
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TL;DR: The use of nitrogen containing anions and cations contributes to high heats of formations and high densities as discussed by the authors, which makes them very promising candidates for highly energetic materials for industrial or military applications.
Abstract: Energetic salts offer many advantages over conventional energetic molecular compounds. The use of nitrogen containing anions and cations contributes to high heats of formations and high densities. Their low carbon and hydrogen content gives rise to a good oxygen balance. The decomposition of these compounds is predominantly through the generation of dinitrogen which makes them very promising candidates for highly energetic materials for industrial or military applications.
709 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, die Verwendung von stickstoffhaltigen Kationen und Anionen tragt zu hoheren Bildungswarmen und Dichten bei, wobei durch den niedrigen Gehalt an Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff auch eine gute Sauerstoffbilanz erzielt wird.
Abstract: Energetische Salze bieten zahlreiche Vorteile gegenuber herkommlichen energetischen Molekulverbindungen. Die Verwendung von stickstoffhaltigen Kationen und Anionen tragt zu hoheren Bildungswarmen und Dichten bei, wobei durch den niedrigen Gehalt an Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff auch eine gute Sauerstoffbilanz erzielt wird. Da bei der Zersetzung dieser stickstoffreichen Verbindungen ein groserer Anteil von Distickstoff entsteht, sind sie vielversprechende hochenergetische Materialien fur technische und militarische Anwendungen.
141 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the advantages accrue from nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds compared to traditional molecular energetic compounds, including lower vapor pressures, higher heats of formation and higher densities.
Abstract: Many advantages accrue from nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds compared to traditional molecular energetic compounds. Utilization of heterocyclic nitrogen-containing cations and anions in energetic salts gives rise to lower vapor pressures, higher heats of formation and higher densities. Additionally, smaller amounts of hydrogen and carbon contribute to a better oxygen balance than normally is found with their carbocyclic analogues. Nitrogen-rich compounds are promising high energetic materials that may be more acceptable than their alternatives for both industrial and military uses since a higher percentage of their decomposition products will be dinitrogen.
105 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the water soluble polyethylene imine protected copper nanoclusters (PEI CuNC) were developed as fluorescent and colorimetric probe which can detect trinitrotoluene (TNT) selectively and sensitively both in aqueous and vapour form.
Abstract: Rapid, reliable, onsite approaches for the trace level detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a pressing necessity for both homeland security and environmental protection. Selective detection of TNT from other nitroaromatics is still challenging as it possess similar chemical structure and properties with its analogues. In the present work, the water soluble polyethylene imine protected copper nanoclusters (PEI CuNC) were developed as fluorescent and colorimetric probe which can detect TNT selectively and sensitively both in aqueous and vapour form. The PEI CuNC with size less than 3 nm was prepared via a simple one pot microwave method and exhibited bright blue emission at 480 nm. The fluorescence of PEI CuNC can be remarkably quenched by TNT through the formation of amine-TNT Meisenheimer complex. Quenching was further facilitated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and inner filter effect (IFE). A good linearity was observed for the PEI CuNC based fluorescence detection of TNT with limit of detection 14 pM. Meanwhile the formation of Meisenheimer complex resulted in a significant colour change of the solution from pale green to red, which enables visual detection of TNT with detection limit down to 0.05 nM. The fluorescence as well as colorimetric method displayed excellent selectivity and sensitivity over other interfering compounds and ions. Fluorescent paper strip sensor was developed to detect TNT in vapour phase as well as solution form. PEI CuNC coated paper strips were able to detect TNT vapours with in one minute with a limit of detection 10 nM, providing a valuable platform for sensing TNT in public safety and security.
78 citations
01 Mar 1999
TL;DR: In this article, 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is proposed as an explosive ingredient under investigation as a potential insensitive replacement for RDX in explosive formulations.
Abstract: : 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is an explosive ingredient under investigation as a potential insensitive replacement for RDX in explosive formulations. Although its performance is slightly less than that of RDX, NTO is thermally more stable and less sensitive to hazard stimuli. Explosive compositions based on NTO are therefore more likely to be Extremely Insensitive Detonating Substances, and munitions filled with them may meet the criteria of both Insensitive Munitions (IM) and HD 1.6 classification for storage and transportation. This report examines the currently available literature on NTO and its use in explosive compositions, and recommends future work to explore the possible application of NTO in IM compliant explosives for the ADF.
73 citations
References
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TL;DR: The methods presented in the chapter have been applied to solve a large variety of problems, from inorganic molecules with 5 A unit cell to rotavirus of 700 A diameters crystallized in 700 × 1000 × 1400 A cell.
Abstract: Publisher Summary X-ray data can be collected with zero-, one-, and two-dimensional detectors, zero-dimensional (single counter) being the simplest and two-dimensional the most efficient in terms of measuring diffracted X-rays in all directions. To analyze the single-crystal diffraction data collected with these detectors, several computer programs have been developed. Two-dimensional detectors and related software are now predominantly used to measure and integrate diffraction from single crystals of biological macromolecules. Macromolecular crystallography is an iterative process. To monitor the progress, the HKL package provides two tools: (1) statistics, both weighted (χ2) and unweighted (R-merge), where the Bayesian reasoning and multicomponent error model helps obtain proper error estimates and (2) visualization of the process, which helps an operator to confirm that the process of data reduction, including the resulting statistics, is correct and allows the evaluation of the problems for which there are no good statistical criteria. Visualization also provides confidence that the point of diminishing returns in data collection and reduction has been reached. At that point, the effort should be directed to solving the structure. The methods presented in the chapter have been applied to solve a large variety of problems, from inorganic molecules with 5 A unit cell to rotavirus of 700 A diameters crystallized in 700 × 1000 × 1400 A cell.
31,667 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that polynitroaromatic explosives containing a C-H linkage alpha to the aromatic ring are more sensitive as a class than explosives lacking such a linkage.
Abstract: Impact sensitivities of organic high explosives are primarily functions of the rates of the thermal decomposition processes taking place in the temperature regimes generated under the impact hammer. For classes of explosives with similar decomposition mechanisms, there appear to be statistically significant linear relationships (sensitivity/composition trends) between logarithmic 50% impact heights and values OB100, a measure of oxidant balance. In addition, it is shown that polynitroaromatic explosives containing a C-H linkage alpha to the aromatic ring are more sensitive as a class than explosives lacking such a linkage. These results are consistent with the finding that products of thermal decomposition of TNT indicate a preferred site of inter- and intramolecular oxidative attack to be at the alpha C-H linkage.
326 citations
TL;DR: A less sensitive explosive, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) has a crystal density of 1.93 g/cm 3 and calculated detonation velocity and pressure equivalent to those of RDX as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A less sensitive explosive, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one. The compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) has a crystal density of 1.93 g/cm 3 and calculated detonation velocity and pressure equivalent to those of RDX. It can be prepared in high yield from inexpensive starting materials in a safe synthesis. Results from initial small-scale sensitivity tests indicate that NTO is less sensitive than RDX and HMX in all respects. A 4.13 cm diameter, unconfined plate-dent test at 92% of crystal density gave the detonation pressure predicted for NTO by the BKW calculation.
226 citations
216 citations