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Journal ArticleDOI

Studies on some chemical aspects of kusum oil

01 Jan 1969-Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society (Springer-Verlag)-Vol. 46, Iss: 1, pp 23-27
TL;DR: In this paper, the location and nature of cyanogenic compounds in kusum oil were determined using chromatographic and infrared spectroscopy methods, and it was shown that at least two glyceride molecules are involved.
Abstract: Chemical methods, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy have been applied to ascertain the location and nature of the cyanogenic compounds in kusum oil. Observations indicate the cyanogenic compounds to be a part of glyceride molecules in which one of the hydroxyl groups of the latter is bonded to the cyanogenic compound through an ether linkage. Chromatographic behavior of the isolated cyanogenic compounds further indicates that at least two glyceride molecules are involved. These glycerides are predominantly esterified with saturated fatty acids.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, temperature, and time was carried out to obtain the reasonable conversion of free fatty acid using a silicotungstic acid catalyst.
Abstract: In this research, non-edible Kusum oil was used to convert the free fatty acid into its methyl esters using a silicotungstic acid catalyst. The microwave as a heat source was used to fasten the rate of esterification of Kusum oil. The parametric study of the effect of methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, temperature, and time was carried out to obtain the reasonable conversion of free fatty acid. The study revealed that 9:1 molar ratio, 65 °C, 3.6 wt% catalyst, and 13 min of reaction time gave 92% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. Further, the present study also estimates the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of Kusum oil esterification. The kinetic study was performed at four temperatures with a pre-optimized 9:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 3.6 wt.% Silicotungstic acid for different time intervals. The kinetic study revealed that microwave-assisted acid-catalyzed esterification reaction is pseudo-first-order having activation energy 38.82 kJ.mol−1 and pre-exponential factor 219,037 min−1, respectively. The higher value of pre-exponential factor and lower activation energy in the kinetic study indicates the non-thermal effect associated with microwave heating. The rate constant and Gibbs’ free energy change at 65 °C was 0.224 min−1 and 98.89 kJ.mol−1. The values of Enthalpy and Entropy changes were 36.06 kJ.mol−1 and −0.185 kJ.mol−1.K − 1. It shows the reaction is non-spontaneous and endergonic by nature.

8 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the performance of kusum oil and the mixed fatty acids thereof from several solvents at various temperatures (+10° C to −60° C) and found that petroleum ether is comparable in efficiency to methanol and superior to both acetone and ethanol in respect of separation of the saturated and unsaturated components of the fatty acid mixture.
Abstract: The crystallizations of the kusum oil and the mixed fatty acids thereof were studied from several solvents at various temperatures (+10° C to −60° C). The results indicate in general that in the range of temperatures studied, petroleum ether as a single solvent is comparable in efficiency to methanol and superior to both acetone and ethanol in respect of separation of the saturated and unsaturated components of the fatty acid mixture. The saturated and unsaturated fractions of the oil also are better separated by petroleum ether than acetone. Further, oleic acid essentially free from linoleic acid is obtainable by a preliminary crystallization of the fatty acid mixture from petroleum ether at ca. −12° C, followed by two additional crystallizations from acetone at ca. −55° C. Kristallisation des Fettes und der Fettsauren von Schleichera trijuga Samen aus Losungsmitteln Die Kristallisation des Kusumols und seiner Gesamtfettsauren aus verschiedenen Losungsmitteln bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen (+10° bis −60° C) wurde untersucht. Es zeigte sich, das zur Trennung der gesattigten von den ungesattigten Fettsauren Petrolather als Losungsmittel ebenso wirksam war wie Methanol und sogar wirksamer als Aceton und Athanol. Ferner lassen sich die gesattigten und ungesattigten Anteile des Oles mit Petrolather besser trennen als mit Aceton. Durch Vorkristallisation der Gesamtfettsauren aus Petrolather bei ca. −12° C und zwei weitere Kristallisationen aus Aceton bei ca. −55° C erhalt man Olsaure, die im wesentlichen frei von Linolsaure ist.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, two lipid fractions (A and B) were isolated from Sapindus mukorossi seed oil by preparative TLC and their fatty acid compositions were determined by GLC.
Abstract: Two lipid fractions ‘A’ and ‘B’ were isolated from Sapindus mukorossi seed oil by preparative TLC. Fraction ‘A’ (70.4%, Rf value 0.76) is a normal triglyceride and its fatty acid compositions was determined by GLC. Fraction ‘B’ (29.6%, Rf value 0.51) shows the presence of nitrogenous constituents. It develops a reddish brown colour in contact with alkali or alkoxide solution. Percentages of individual acids present in fraction ‘A’ were found to be: palmitic, 5.5; stearic, 3.2; oleic, 64.6; linoleic, 2.9; arachidic, 3.1; eicosenoic, 20.1; minor acids, 0.6. Fraction ‘A’ is composed of 0.1,3.6,29.9 and 66.4 percent trisaturated, monounsaturated-disaturated, diunsaturated-monosaturated and triunsaturated glycerides respectively. On GLC analysis, the percentages of individual acids constituting fraction ‘B’ were found to be:palmitic, 3.8; stearic, 1.5; oleic, 33.6; linoleic, 2.9; arachidic, 11.1; eicosenoic, 30.2; behenic, 2.8; docosenoic, 1.4 and two unidentified acids 7.3 and 5.4. Fraction ‘B’ responded to hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase and the product with polarity equivalent to that of 2-mono-glyceride was isolated by TLC and converted to methyl ester. Percentages of individual acids constituting that methyl esters were found to be:palmitic, 11.8; stearic, 4.1; oleic, 12.8; linoleic, 3.7; arachidic, 8.3; eicosenoic, 10.2; behenic, 6.5; docosenoic, 4.2; and two unidentified acids 22.2 and 16.2. This non-glyceridic component of the S. mukorossi seed oil is a cyanolipid, 1-cyano-2-hydroxymethyl prop-1-ene-3-ol. The structure was confirmed by I. R., N.M.R. and Mass spectral-analysis. Chemische Untersuchungen des Saatols Sapindus mukorossi Zwei Lipidfraktionen ‚A’ und ‚B’ wurden durch praparative DC aus dem Saatol Sapindus mukorossi isoliert. Fraktion ‚A’ (70.4%, Rf-Wert 0.76) ist ein normales Triglycerid. Seine Fettsaure-Zusammensetzung wurde durch GC bestimmt. Fraktion ‚B’ (29.6%, Rf-Wert 0.51) zeigt die Gegenwart von stickstoffhaltigen Bestandteilen. Es entwickelt bei Kontakt mit Alkali oder Alkyloxidlosung eine rotlich braune Farbe. Die prozentualen Anteile in der Fraktion ‚A’ betrugen: Palmitinsaure 5.5%, Stearinsaure 3.2%, Olsaure 64.6%, Linolsaure 2.9%, Arachidonsaure 3.1%, Eicosensaure 20.1%, andere Sauren 0.6%, Fraktion ‚A’ ist aus jeweils 0.1,3.6,29.9 und 66.4% dreifachgesattigten, einfachungesattigt-zweifachgesattigten, zweifachungesattigt-einfachgesattigten und dreifachungesattigten Glyceriden zusammengesetzt. Durch GC-Analyse wurde der prozentuale Anteil der einzelnen Sauren, aus denen Fraktion ‚B’ besteht, wie folgt ermittelt: Palmitinsaure 3.8%, Stearinsaure 1.5%, Olsaure 33.6%, Linolsaure 2.9%, Arachidonsaure 11.1%, Eicosensaure 30.2%, Behensaure 2.8%, Docosensaure 1.4% und zwei unidentifizierte Sauren 7.3% und 5.4%, Fraktion ‚B’ reagiert auf Hydrolyse durch Pankreaslipase. Das Produkt mit einer gleichen Polaritat wie 2-Mono-glycerid wurde durch DC isoliert und zum Methylester umgewandelt. Die prozentualen Anteile der diesen Methylestern zugrundeliegenden Sauren betrugen: Palmitinsaure 11.8%, Stearinsaure 4.1%, Olsaure 12.8%, Linolsaure 3.7%, Arachidonsaure 8.3%, Eicosensaure 10.2%, Behensaure 6.5%, Docosensaure 4.2% und zwei unidentifizierte Sauren 22.2% und 16.2% Dieser nichtglyceridische Bestandteil von S. mukorossi Saatol ist ein Cyanolipid, 1-Cyano-2-hydroxymethylprop-1-en-3-ol. Die Struktur wurde durch IR, NMR und Massenspektroskopie bestatigt.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a single-cylinder, 7.35 kW, in-direct injection, diesel engine without any modifications was used to make use of straight vegetable oil (SVO) in 40°C to 120°C with an increment of 20°C.
Abstract: The expansion of urbanisation with improved living conditions are forecast to increase energy demand. One such massive consumption of fossil fuels is the transport sector. The new vehicles registered in India have an 843% growth rate over just 66 years (1951–2017). In addition to environmental concerns, and depletion of fossil fuels, bio-fuel based alternative fuels are intended to contribute to future energy requirements. Hence, this paper mainly concentrates on the biofuel to make use in a single-cylinder, 7.35 kW, in-direct injection, diesel engine without any modifications. The pre-heated straight vegetable oil (SVO) of Schleichera Oleosa (SO) in 40°C–120°C with an increment of 20°C with exhaust gas waste heat recovery framework by a heat exchanger with an effectiveness of 72.4% was adopted to understand the engine performance, combustion, and engine-out emissions and compared with conventional diesel operation. The pre-heated SO SVO at 120°C showed better results at par with diesel operation on the selected engine; brake thermal efficiency was achieved at 27.82%. Maximum cylinder pressure of 41.42 bar was recorded with enhanced pre as well as diffusion combustion phases. NOx touched 390 ppm and the smoke of 43 HSU, CO of 0.7% by volume, and HC of 9 ppm were noticed.

2 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

1 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1962
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of research work in physics, physical sciences, and physical chemistry, focusing on physics, chemistry, physics, and biology. But they do not discuss their work in this paper.
Abstract: This book should be of interest to senior undergraduates, postgraduates and research workers in physics, physical sciences, physical chemistry.

8,754 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A microprocedure for the direct determination of triglyceride concentrations in biologic specimens is presented and depends on the quantitative removal of phosphatides from the sample and the subsequent determination of esterified glycerol.

1,744 citations

Book
17 Apr 1965
TL;DR: Thin-Layer Chromatography edited by E. Stahl (+) is the standard laboratory reference book for applications of this analytical method in chemical, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.
Abstract: Thin-Layer Chromatography edited by E. Stahl (+) is the standard laboratory reference book for applications of this analytical method in chemical, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.

1,084 citations

Journal ArticleDOI

452 citations


"Studies on some chemical aspects of..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The component fatty acids of the oil differ widely, ranging from acetic (2,5, 6 ) to araehidie....

    [...]

  • ...25%) (2-4,7), remarkably low content of linoleie acid (within 5%) and the characteristic presence of a eyanogenic compound in a concentration of 0.03- 0.05% as HeN ( 6 ,8)....

    [...]