Journal Article•
Study of the hepatoprotective effect of ginger aqueous infusion in rats
01 Jan 2010-Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical research (Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research)-Vol. 2, Iss: 4, pp 476-488
TL;DR: Examination of liver tissue for rat treated with paracetamol and extract at dose of 200,400 mg/kg and also with silymarin revealed normal hepatic architecture than liver for rats treated with extract at a dose 100 mg.
Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of ginger aqueous infusion on the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Different groups (1, 2, 3) of rats were given ginger in three doses (100,200 and 400 mg /kg at 12 hours intervals for 48 hours prior to single paracetamol dose (640 mg /kg ), group 4 rats were given silymarin (25mg/kg ) as reference hepatoprotective drug, group 5 rats were given paracetamol alone(positive control group),group 6 rats were given distilled water(negative control group ). Blood was collected from all teated groups for determination of liver enzymes:- alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin after that rat were sacrificed and the livers were excised for the histopathological study in which the examination of liver tissue for rat treated with paracetamol and extract at dose of 200,400 mg/kg and also with silymarin revealed normal hepatic architecture than liver for rats treated with extract at a dose 100 mg. In vitro bioassay on primary culture of rat hepatocytes monolayer revealed that the LC50 of ginger extract was at 750μg/ml while the hepatoprotective activity of the extract concentration at which extracts exhibit a hepatoprotective activity was of (15 μg/ml).
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TL;DR: Ginger can prevent hepatic injuries, alleviating oxidative stress in a manner comparable to that of vitamin E, and furthermore remarkably ameliorated the APAP-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation (MDA).
Abstract: Ginger is a remedy known to possess a number of pharmacological properties. This study investigated efficacy of ginger pretreatment in alleviating acetaminophen-induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into six groups; negative control, acetaminophen (APAP) (600 mg/kg single intraperitoneal injection); vitamin E (75 mg/kg), ginger (100 mg/kg), vitamin E + APAP, and ginger + APAP. Administration of APAP elicited significant liver injury that was manifested by remarkable increase in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), arginase activities, and total bilirubin concentration. Meanwhile, APAP significantly decreased plasma total proteins and albumin levels. APAP administration resulted in substantial increase in each of plasma triacylglycerols (TAGs), malondialdhyde (MDA) levels, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). However, ginger or vitamin E treatment prior to APAP showed significant hepatoprotective effect by lowering the hepatic marker enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP, and arginase) and total bilirubin in plasma. In addition, they remarkably ameliorated the APAP-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation (MDA). Pretreatment by ginger or vitamin E significantly restored TAGs, and total protein levels. Histopathological examination of APAP treated rats showed alterations in normal hepatic histoarchitecture, with necrosis and vacuolization of cells. These alterations were substantially decreased by ginger or vitamin E. Our results demonstrated that ginger can prevent hepatic injuries, alleviating oxidative stress in a manner comparable to that of vitamin E. Combination therapy of ginger and APAP is recommended especially in cases with hepatic disorders or when high doses of APAP are required.
86 citations
Cites result from "Study of the hepatoprotective effec..."
...Our results coincided with those of Murayama et al. (2008), Yassin et al. (2010), Hwang et al. (2011), Sabina et al. (2011), and Lee et al. (2012)....
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TL;DR: This critical review summarized current progress in clarifying the molecular mechanism in hepatotoxicity and curative potential of the bioactive food components and its successive clinical outcomes in the field of drug discovery and overcome the problems of medication and chemical-induced hepatotoxic effects.
Abstract: Background: Bioactive food components are nonessential biomolecules, which help to give beneficial effects to human being against several diseases Natural bioactive food components derived from plants and animals, such as phytosterols, carotenoids, polyphenols and fatty acids, have been proposed as valuable substitutions for anticipation and management of hepatotoxic effects and its chronic complications based on in vitro and in vivo studiesObjectives of the study: To summarize drugs and chemical-induced hepatotoxicity and review how various bioactive food components attenuate the hepatotoxicity via cellular mechanismsResults: Remarkable studies demonstrated that the health promoting effects of bioactive components originated from plants have been frequently attributed to their antioxidant properties and facilitate to increase cellular antioxidant defense system and thereby scavenge free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, augment anti-inflammatory potential, and further protect the liver fro
52 citations
Cites background from "Study of the hepatoprotective effec..."
...Preclinical studies have conclusively shown that soybean, sesame, picroliv, cucumber, ginger, turmeric, and carrot caused a concentrationdependent decrease in the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, and urea (Singh et al., 1992; Bishayee et al., 1995; Kampkotter et al., 2008; Yassin et al., 2010; Munish et al., 2011; Gopalakrishnan and Kalaiarasi, 2013)....
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...…picroliv, cucumber, ginger, turmeric, and carrot caused a concentrationdependent decrease in the levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, and urea (Singh et al., 1992; Bishayee et al., 1995; Kampkotter et al., 2008; Yassin et al., 2010; Munish et al., 2011; Gopalakrishnan and Kalaiarasi, 2013)....
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...These noxious products generate free radicals in the liver and diminish the level of GSH, thereby leading to hepatotoxicity (Yassin et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that different mixtures of IBU and APAP were associated with different toxic effects in green neon shrimp, and mixtures with high IBU concentrations and low APAP concentrations exhibited lower toxicity in N. denticulata than IBU or APAP alone.
33 citations
TL;DR: This review for the first time summarizes the results related to the beneficial properties of ginger in ameliorating the toxic effects of hepatotoxins, and emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to establish its activity and utility as a broad spectrum hepatoprotective agent.
Abstract: According to the World Health Organization, chronic liver disease is a major ailment and causes significant morbidity and mortality in both western and developing countries. However, till date no ideal hepatoprotective agents are available in the modern system of medicine to effective prevent and cure liver ailments. This has necessitated the need to depend on complementary and alternative systems of medicine for liver ailments and diseases. Zingiber officinale Roscoe commonly known as ginger is arguably one of the most commonly used spice, and is an integral part of our diet. In addition to its dietary use, ginger is also reported to possess myriad health benefits, and has been used in the various traditional and folk systems of medicine to treat various ailments and illnesses. Preclinical studies carried out in the past decade have shown that ginger possesses hepatoprotective effects, and to protect against diverse xenobiotic compounds like alcohol, acetaminophen, fungicides, tetracycline, heavy metals and organophosphorus compounds. Mechanistic studies have shown that the protective actions are mediated through free radical scavenging, antioxidant, cytoprotective, and to modulate the levels of the detoxifying enzymes. This review for the first time summarizes the results related to the beneficial properties of ginger in ameliorating the toxic effects of hepatotoxins, and also emphasizes the aspects that warrant future research to establish its activity and utility as a broad spectrum hepatoprotective agent.
27 citations
Cites background from "Study of the hepatoprotective effec..."
...Acetaminophen or paracetamol is arguably one of the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic agent in the modern system of medicine [11,18]....
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...Additionally, studies have also shown that administering rats with graded doses of ginger (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) at 12 hour interval for 48 hours, prior to single dose (640 mg/kg) of paracetamol was effective in causing a concentration dependent hepatoprotective effects [18]....
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...However, long term usage and at high concentration of acetaminophen is proved to cause hepatotoxicity and more when along with ethanol [18]....
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...Studies with primary culture of rat hepatocytes have also shown that the extract was protective at a non toxic concentration of 15 μg/ml (the LC50 was 750 μg/ml), indicating it to be safe and non toxic [18]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Combined oral administration of both curcumin and ginger are potentially effective in the protection of hepatic fibrosis on the experimental level.
Abstract: The present study aimed to assess the hepatocellular protective activity of the co- administration of curcumin fortified by ginger against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Five groups were included: control, CCl4, CCl4 treated with curcumin, CCl4 treated with ginger and CCl4 treated with curcumin and ginger. Liver fibrosis was evidenced by significant increase in liver hydroxyproline, the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lipid peroxidation, increased activities of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Liver enzymes, oxidative status and histological examinations revealed that co-administration of curcumin and ginger significantly arrested progression of hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Elevated activities of serum (AST), (ALT) and (ALP) by CCl4 intoxication were synergistically reduced, while the levels of total protein and albumin were normalized. In addition, the altered levels of malondialdhyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hydroxyproline in liver tissues of CCl4 hepatotoxied rats were normalized by the oral co-administration of curcumin and ginger. Also, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and catalase (CAT) activity elevated by CCl4 intoxication, were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in liver tissues mainly in the combined treated group. Histological examinations showed that the combined administration of curcumin and ginger returned collagen fiber distribution to almost normal pattern. In conclusion, combined oral administration of both curcumin and ginger are potentially effective in the protection of hepatic fibrosis on the experimental level.
13 citations
Cites background from "Study of the hepatoprotective effec..."
...Ginger shares curcumin in prevention pathway through inhibition of the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response, (Nemat et al., 2010)....
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References
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TL;DR: A tetrazolium salt has been used to develop a quantitative colorimetric assay for mammalian cell survival and proliferation and is used to measure proliferative lymphokines, mitogen stimulations and complement-mediated lysis.
50,114 citations
"Study of the hepatoprotective effec..." refers methods in this paper
...[18] Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxic assay....
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...In vitro study: In vitro bioassay on primary culture of rat hepatocytes monolayer: Primary culture of rat hepatocytes was prepared according to Seglen method [16], modified by Kiso et al.,[17], using Wistar male rats (250-300 g),Then biological screening of aqueous extract of Zingiber Officinale on primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was performed to achieve the following objectives:Determination of the LC50 of extracts according to the method of Mosmann [18] modified by Carmichael et al.,[19],evaluation of the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts and determination of the concentration at which the extracts exhibit a biological activity....
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...,[17], using Wistar male rats (250-300 g),Then biological screening of aqueous extract of Zingiber Officinale on primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was performed to achieve the following objectives:Determination of the LC 50 of extracts according to the method of Mosmann [18] modified by Carmichael et al....
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TL;DR: The antiradical properties of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*) in its radical form as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The antiradical activities of various antioxidants were determined using the free radical, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form. DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which dissappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Twenty compounds were reacted with the DPPH* and shown to follow one of three possible reaction kinetic types. Ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid and isoeugenol reacted quickly with the DPPH* reaching a steady state immediately. Rosmarinic acid and δ-tocopherol reacted a little slower and reached a steady state within 30 min. The remaining compounds reacted more progressively with the DPPH* reaching a steady state from 1 to 6 h. Caffeic acid, gentisic acid and gallic acid showed the highest antiradical activities with a stoichiometry of 4 to 6 reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Vanillin, phenol, γ-resorcylic acid and vanillic acid were found to be poor antiradical compounds. The stoichiometry for the other 13 phenolic compounds varied from one to three reduced DPPH* molecules per molecule of antioxidant. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the experimental results.
18,907 citations
Book•
01 Oct 1990
TL;DR: Light Microscopy, Enzyme Histochemistry, and Immunocytochemical Techniques: Diagnostic Cytopathology, Specimen Collection and Preparation.
Abstract: Light Microscopy. Fixation and Fixatives. Tissue Processing, Microtomy and Paraffin Sections. Frozen and Related Sections. The Theory of Staining and It Practical Implications. The Haematoxylins and Eosin. Connective Tissue and Stains. Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Amyloid. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Pigments and Minerals. The Neuroendocrine System. Micro-Organisms. Bone. Techniques in Neuropathology. Cytoplasmic Granules, Organelles and Special Tissues. Enzyme Histochemistry. Enzyme Histochemistry: Diagnostic Applications. Immunofluorescent Techniques. Immunocytochemical Techniques. Immunocytochemistry in Diagnostic Tumour Pathology. In-Situ Hybridisation. Diagnostic Cytopathology, Specimen Collection and Preparation. Diagnostic Cytopathology, Cell Appearances. Resin Embedding Media. Electron Microscopy 1: Instrumentation and Image Formation. Electron Microscopy 2: Practical Procedures. Electron Microscopy 3: Diagnostic Applications. Quantitation in Histopathology. Safety in the Histopathology Laboratory. Audit in Histopathology. Museum and Other Demonstration Techniques.
7,129 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses preparation of isolated rat liver cells by incubation of rat liver minces with pronase, which results in most of the liver parenchyma is digested, while nonparenchymal cells remain intact and can be recovered from the incubate.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses preparation of isolated rat liver cells The early mechanical and chemical methods for liver-cell preparation were relatively successful in converting liver tissue to a suspension of isolated cells The successful preparation of intact liver cells by perfusion with collagenase is technically quite difficult The major method for preparation of nonparenchymal liver cells is based on the selective sensitivity of parenchymal cells toward proteases By incubation of rat liver minces with pronase, most of the liver parenchyma is digested, while nonparenchymal cells remain intact and can be recovered from the incubate Similar results have been reported with trypsin digestion of collagenase-dispersed liver minces, but pronase appears to be more effective The most common procedure is to perfuse the liver briefly with pronase before it is minced and incubated with the enzyme Such direct pronase methods have been used by several investigators with yields of nonparenchymal liver cells reported to be in the range 2–15 × 10 6 cells/gm liver
5,285 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing chemosensitivity in established cell lines.
Abstract: Drug sensitivity assays were performed using a variation of a colorimetric [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)] assay on V79, CHO-AuxB1, CHRC5, NCI-H460, and NCI-H249 cell lines following optimization of experimental conditions for each cell line. Results from this assay were compared with data assimilated simultaneously by clonogenic assay and by dye exclusion assay. Good correlation was observed using the CHO-AuxB1 cell line and the pleiotropic drug-resistant mutant CHRC5, with similar degrees of relative resistance observed with both the MTT and clonogenic assays. Good correlation was observed between the clonogenic and MTT assays for 1-h drug exposures, although the MTT assay was more sensitive to vinblastine. In general, the clonogenic assay was more sensitive when continuous drug exposures were utilized, although this was primarily related to the increased drug exposure time. While the use of the MTT assay in drug sensitivity testing of primary tumor samples is limited, since contaminating normal cells may also reduce the tetrazolium, the MTT assay can be semiautomated, and therefore it offers a valid, simple method of assessing chemosensitivity in established cell lines.
3,896 citations
"Study of the hepatoprotective effec..." refers background in this paper
...,[19],eva luation of the hepatoprotective activity of the extracts and determination of the concentration at which the extracts exhibit a biological activity....
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