Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis
Radboud University Nijmegen1, University of Southern California2, University Medical Center Groningen3, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute4, Utrecht University5, National Institutes of Health6, Harvard University7, Broad Institute8, University of Bergen9, Region Zealand10, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center11, University of California, Irvine12, University of California, San Diego13, University of Würzburg14, University of Tübingen15, Trinity College, Dublin16, New York University17, King's College London18, Heidelberg University19, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro20, University of California, Los Angeles21, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research22, MIND Institute23, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg24, Maastricht University25, Goethe University Frankfurt26, Haukeland University Hospital27, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center28, VU University Amsterdam29, Autonomous University of Barcelona30, State University of New York Upstate Medical University31
TL;DR: Lifespan analyses suggest that, in the absence of well powered longitudinal studies, the ENIGMA cross-sectional sample across six decades of ages provides a means to generate hypotheses about lifespan trajectories in brain phenotypes.
About: This article is published in The Lancet Psychiatry.The article was published on 2017-04-01 and is currently open access. It has received 749 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder & Brain size.
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Paul M. Thompson1, Neda Jahanshad1, Christopher R.K. Ching1, Lauren E. Salminen1 +210 more•Institutions (99)
TL;DR: This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease, and highlights the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings.
Abstract: This review summarizes the last decade of work by the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Consortium, a global alliance of over 1400 scientists across 43 countries, studying the human brain in health and disease. Building on large-scale genetic studies that discovered the first robustly replicated genetic loci associated with brain metrics, ENIGMA has diversified into over 50 working groups (WGs), pooling worldwide data and expertise to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, and genetics. Most ENIGMA WGs focus on specific psychiatric and neurological conditions, other WGs study normal variation due to sex and gender differences, or development and aging; still other WGs develop methodological pipelines and tools to facilitate harmonized analyses of "big data" (i.e., genetic and epigenetic data, multimodal MRI, and electroencephalography data). These international efforts have yielded the largest neuroimaging studies to date in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. More recent ENIGMA WGs have formed to study anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, sleep and insomnia, eating disorders, irritability, brain injury, antisocial personality and conduct disorder, and dissociative identity disorder. Here, we summarize the first decade of ENIGMA's activities and ongoing projects, and describe the successes and challenges encountered along the way. We highlight the advantages of collaborative large-scale coordinated data analyses for testing reproducibility and robustness of findings, offering the opportunity to identify brain systems involved in clinical syndromes across diverse samples and associated genetic, environmental, demographic, cognitive, and psychosocial factors.
355 citations
Radboud University Nijmegen1, King's College London2, Heidelberg University3, Carlos III Health Institute4, State University of New York Upstate Medical University5, Karolinska Institutet6, Haukeland University Hospital7, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University8, Autonomous University of Barcelona9, Hungarian Academy of Sciences10, Goethe University Frankfurt11
TL;DR: A severe lack of knowledge on lifespan aspects in ADHD still exists for nearly every aspect reviewed, and it is encouraged that large-scale research efforts to overcome those knowledge gaps through appropriately granular longitudinal studies are encouraged.
351 citations
TL;DR: A systematic review of the existing functional and effective connectivity methods used to construct the brain network, along with their advantages and pitfalls, to provide insight into how to utilize graph theoretical measures to make neurobiological inferences regarding the mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior as well as different brain disorders.
Abstract: Background: Analysis of the human connectome using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) started in the mid-1990s and attracted increasing attention in attempts to discover the neural underpinnings of human cognition and neurological disorders. In general, brain connectivity patterns from fMRI data are classified as statistical dependencies (functional connectivity) or causal interactions (effective connectivity) among various neural units. Computational methods, especially graph theory-based methods, have recently played a significant role in understanding brain connectivity architecture. Objectives: Thanks to the emergence of graph theoretical analysis, the main purpose of the current paper is to systematically review how brain properties can emerge through the interactions of distinct neuronal units in various cognitive and neurological applications using fMRI. Moreover, this article provides an overview of the existing functional and effective connectivity methods used to construct the brain network, along with their advantages and pitfalls. Methods: In this systematic review, the databases Science Direct, Scopus, arXiv, Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, PsycINFO, PubMed, and SpringerLink are employed for exploring the evolution of computational methods in human brain connectivity from 1990 to the present, focusing on graph theory. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to assess the risk of bias in individual studies. Results: Our results show that graph theory and its implications in cognitive neuroscience have attracted the attention of researchers since 2009 (as the Human Connectome Project launched), because of their prominent capability in characterizing the behavior of complex brain systems. Although graph theoretical approach can be generally applied to either functional or effective connectivity patterns during rest or task performance, to date, most articles have focused on the resting-state functional connectivity. Conclusions: This review provides an insight into how to utilize graph theoretical measures to make neurobiological inferences regarding the mechanisms underlying human cognition and behavior as well as different brain disorders.
350 citations
Radboud University Nijmegen1, University of Toronto2, Complutense University of Madrid3, Aix-Marseille University4, Carnegie Mellon University5, King's College London6, New York University7, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev8, Goethe University Frankfurt9, Oregon Health & Science University10, University of Pittsburgh11, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust12, University of São Paulo13, University of Southern California14, George Washington University15, Jilin University16, Trinity College, Dublin17
TL;DR: Findings suggest an interplay in the abnormal development of the striatal, frontal, and temporal regions in ASD across the lifespan, using a well-established, validated, publicly available analysis pipeline.
Abstract: Objective:Neuroimaging studies show structural differences in both cortical and subcortical brain regions in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with healthy subjects. Findings are inconsistent, however, and it is unclear how differences develop across the lifespan. The authors investigated brain morphometry differences between individuals with ASD and healthy subjects, cross-sectionally across the lifespan, in a large multinational sample from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) ASD working group.Method:The sample comprised 1,571 patients with ASD and 1,651 healthy control subjects (age range, 2–64 years) from 49 participating sites. MRI scans were preprocessed at individual sites with a harmonized protocol based on a validated automated-segmentation software program. Mega-analyses were used to test for case-control differences in subcortical volumes, cortical thickness, and surface area. Development of brain morphometry over the lifespan was mo...
331 citations
Cites methods from "Subcortical brain volume difference..."
...Whereas patientswithASDshowvolumegrowth curves similar to those of control subjects, patients with ADHD show a significant diagnosis-by-age interaction, with different developmentalmodelsmost clearly seen in volumes of the nucleus accumbens and putamen for ADHD patients (36)....
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...The recent report of the ENIGMA ADHD working group (36) is based on the same analysis pipeline and mega-analysis as the present study, using a similarly sized sample of individuals with ADHD and control subjects....
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TL;DR: This review aims to educate physicians regarding differences in pharmacology and mechanisms of action between amphetamine and methylphenidate, thus enhancing physician understanding of psychostimulants and their use in managing individuals with ADHD who may have comorbid psychiatric conditions.
297 citations
References
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TL;DR: G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested.
Abstract: G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions. It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical tests of thet, F, and χ2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses forz tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors, G*Power 3 is free.
40,195 citations
TL;DR: The findings suggest that geographic location plays a limited role in the reasons for the large variability of ADHD/HD prevalence estimates worldwide and that this variability seems to be explained primarily by the methodological characteristics of studies.
Abstract: Objective: The worldwide prevalence estimates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/hyperkinetic disorder (HD) are highly heterogeneous. Presently, the reasons for this discrepancy remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the possible causes of the varied worldwide estimates of the disorder and to compute its worldwide-pooled prevalence. Method: The authors searched MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases from January 1978 to December 2005 and reviewed textbooks and reference lists of the studies selected. Authors of relevant articles from North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East and ADHD/HD experts were contacted. Surveys were included if they reported point prevalence of ADHD/HD for subjects 18 years of age or younger from the general population or schools according to DSM or ICD criteria. Results: The literature search generated 9,105 records, and 303 full-text articles were reviewed. One hundred and two studies comprising 171,756 ...
4,712 citations
TL;DR: A review of neuropsychological, behavioral, and neuroimaging studies of human hippocampal involvement in spatial memory concentrates on three important concepts in this field: spatial frameworks, dimensionality, and orientation and self-motion.
2,150 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that the emerging science of large-scale brain networks provides a coherent framework for understanding of cognition that allows a principled exploration of how cognitive functions emerge from, and are constrained by, core structural and functional networks of the brain.
1,908 citations
TL;DR: The results show that estimates of ADHD's persistence rely heavily on how one defines persistence, yet, regardless of definition, the analyses show that evidence for ADHD lessens with age.
Abstract: Background. This study examined the persistence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) into adulthood.Method. We analyzed data from published follow-up studies of ADHD. To be included in the analysis, these additional studies had to meet the following criteria: the study included a control group and it was clear from the methods if the diagnosis of ADHD included subjects who did not meet full criteria but showed residual and impairing signs of the disorder. We used a meta-analysis regression model to separately assess the syndromatic and symptomatic persistence of ADHD.Results. When we define only those meeting full criteria for ADHD as having ‘persistent ADHD’, the rate of persistence is low, ~15% at age 25 years. But when we include cases consistent with DSM-IV's definition of ADHD in partial remission, the rate of persistence is much higher, ~65%.Conclusions. Our results show that estimates of ADHD's persistence rely heavily on how one defines persistence. Yet, regardless of definition, our analyses show that evidence for ADHD lessens with age. More work is needed to determine if this reflects true remission of ADHD symptoms or is due to the developmental insensitivity of diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
1,849 citations
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