Successive cambia development in Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. is not climatically driven in the seasonal climate at Gazi Bay, Kenya
TL;DR: It is concluded that classical dendrochronological methods (ring width measurements) should not be applied to A. marina (from Kenya) and more than one cambium was found to be simultaneously active.
About: This article is published in Dendrochronologia.The article was published on 2007-09-06 and is currently open access. It has received 42 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Avicennia marina.
Citations
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TL;DR: The results suggest that anatomical variables record different and stronger climate information than ring width variables, especially in P. sylvestris, suggesting that tracheid chronologies can be useful for drought reconstructions especially at mesic sites or with species that encode a mixed drought and temperature-precipitation signal.
Abstract: We investigated the influence of climate on the ring width and xylem anatomy of two co-occurring pines (Pinus nigra Arn. and P. sylvestris L.) in the mountains of east-central Spain in order to test their utility for dendroclimatic reconstructions. We developed chronologies of ring width, mean lumen diameter and mean cell-wall thickness (in the earlywood, latewood, and the total annual ring) and the number of cells between 1960 and 2006. Drought, expressed as the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), was the main climatic driver of tree radial growth, although trees were also sensitive to temperature (negative effect in previous autumn and current summer) and precipitation (with a general positive effect). P. sylvestris response was stronger to climate of the current year, whereas the effect of previous-year climate was more important for P. nigra. Warm and dry summers reduced ring width, tracheid lumen, and wall thickness in both species, whereas warm winter-spring temperatures had the opposite effect, primarily for P. sylvestris. Previous-year or early-season conditions mainly affected earlywood features, whereas latewood was more responsive to summer climate. Overall, climate appeared to be a stronger limiting factor for P. sylvestris. During periods of drought, cell-wall thickness was reduced while lumen width increased in the latewood of P. sylvestris. This could compromise its hydraulic safety against drought-induced cavitation as our site was close to the southern and dry edge of the species distribution area. Our results suggest that anatomical variables record different and stronger climate information than ring width variables, especially in P. sylvestris. Reconstruction models for SPEI at the 3-month scale were developed for July–August and September–October using principal components regression. The best models included anatomical and width variables of both pine species suggesting that tracheid chronologies can be useful for drought reconstructions especially at mesic sites or with species that encode a mixed drought and temperature-precipitation signal.
137 citations
Cites methods from "Successive cambia development in Av..."
...Core sections for the period 1960–2006 were cut into smaller parts (1–2 cm) and embedded in polyethylene glycol of 1,500 MW (PEG) to form small blocks (Schmitz et al. 2007)....
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the available retrospective methods, and highlights the transdisciplinary way in which retrospective research on a scale between months and centuries can be carried out, but it also includes methods on larger scales that may be marginally relevant.
82 citations
Cites background from "Successive cambia development in Av..."
...Growth layers of Avicennia are not annual which is, however, related to their peculiar growth via successive cambia (Schmitz et al., 2007a,b)....
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TL;DR: Successive cambia are an ecologically important characteristic, which seems strongly related with water-limited environments, and it is observed that 84.9% of the woody shrub and tree species with concentric internal phloem occurred in either dry or saline environments strengthening the hypothesis that successive c Cambia provide the necessary advantages for survival in harsh environmental conditions.
Abstract: Background
Secondary growth by successive cambia is a rare phenomenon in woody plant species. Only few plant species, within different phylogenetic clades, have secondary growth by more than one vascular cambium. Often, these successive cambia are organised concentrically. In the mangrove genus Avicennia however, the successive cambia seem to have a more complex organisation. This study aimed (i) at understanding the development of successive cambia by giving a three-dimensional description of the hydraulic architecture of Avicennia and (ii) at unveiling the possible adaptive nature of growth by successive cambia through a study of the ecological distribution of plant species with concentric internal phloem.
Results
Avicennia had a complex network of non-cylindrical wood patches, the complexity of which increased with more stressful ecological conditions. As internal phloem has been suggested to play a role in water storage and embolism repair, the spatial organisation of Avicennia wood could provide advantages in the ecologically stressful conditions species of this mangrove genus are growing in. Furthermore, we could observe that 84.9% of the woody shrub and tree species with concentric internal phloem occurred in either dry or saline environments strengthening the hypothesis that successive cambia provide the necessary advantages for survival in harsh environmental conditions.
Conclusions
Successive cambia are an ecologically important characteristic, which seems strongly related with water-limited environments.
74 citations
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: A review of tree-ring studies in the Neotropics can be found in this article, where the authors identify 220 tree species from 46 botanical families with confirmed annual treering formation.
Abstract: We review a vast literature of Neotropical forest science and wood anatomical research that identifies 220 tree species from 46 botanical families with confirmed annual tree-ring formation. External factors that trigger annual growth rhythms include rainfall seasonality, annual long-term flooding (flood-pulse), soil water salinity (mangroves), and, with increasing latitude and altitude, photoperiod and temperature. Maximum ages for tropical angiosperms derived from tree-ring analyses generally do not exceed 400–600 years; however, at marginal sites characterized by extremely limited growth conditions individual trees might get older. Dendroecological applications provide insights into tree species’ ecology and forest dynamics. Analyses of growth trajectories and age-size relationships of trees highlight considerable variability among individual trees, species, and environments. In recent decades tree-ring studies in neotropical forests have contributed new methods to project timber harvests and to evaluate and adjust management practices to increase the sustainability of forest management. The better understanding of individual- and species-level growth patterns in the Neotropics provides necessary empirical information to conserve and manage tropical forests and the many ecosystem functions and services that they maintain.
71 citations
TL;DR: A patchy growth mechanism was proposed, with an optimal growth at distinct moments in time at different positions around the stem circumference, which may optimize tree growth under favourable conditions.
68 citations
Cites background or methods from "Successive cambia development in Av..."
...Wood discs and wood samples were prepared as described by Schmitz et al. (2007)....
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...…especially useful for the study of tropical tree species (Détienne, 1989; Nobuchi et al., 1995; Sass et al., 1995; Jalil et al., 1998; Bauch and Dünisch, 2000; Ohashi et al., 2001; Heinrich and Banks, 2002), including mangrove trees (Shiokura, 1989; Verheyden et al., 2004; Schmitz et al., 2007)....
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...While only half a growth layer was formed in a site of high salinity, an average of three growth layers was formed in a site with relatively lower salinity (Schmitz et al., 2007)....
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...A preliminary study on six Avicennia marina trees in Gazi Bay, Kenya showed the non-annual nature of their growth layers (Schmitz et al., 2007)....
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...In addition, the proportion of phloem tissue increased slightly in parallel with the salinity of the site (Schmitz et al., 2007)....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 1986TL;DR: The aim of this work is to contribute to the human awareness of the natural world and to contribute towards the humanizing of nature.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements Part I. General Account: 1. Ecology 2. Floristics 3. Biogeography 4. Shoot systems 5. Root systems 6. Water relations and salt balance 7. Flowering 8. Seedlings and seeds 9. Utilization and exploitation Part II. Detailed Descriptions by Family References Index.
2,014 citations
Additional excerpts
...(Tomlinson, 1994; Duke et al., 1998)....
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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Embolism Formation by Winter Freezing, Water Stress-Induced Embolism, and more.
Abstract: WATER RELATIONS AND THE VULNERABLE PIPELINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 EARLY EFFORTS TO DETECT CAVITATION AND EMBOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF CAVITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Audio (Low-Frequency) Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ultrasonic Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Physics of Sound Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 HYDRAULIC DETECTION OF EMBOLISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 CAVITATION AND EMBOLISM IN NATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 MECHANISMS OF EMBOLISM FORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Water Stress-Induced Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Embolism Formation by Winter Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Pathogen-Induced Embolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 EMBOLISM REPAIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 30 VULNERABILITY OF XYLEM TO WATER STRESS-INDUCED EMBOLISM . . . . . . 31 HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURE AND SUFFICIENCY OF TREES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1,488 citations
"Successive cambia development in Av..." refers background in this paper
...marina trees of the more saline sites since die back is a common phenomenon in trees subjected to drought stress (Carlquist and Hoekman, 1985) that can be caused by a high salinity (Sperry et al., 1988; Tyree and Sperry, 1989; Hacke and Sperry, 2001)....
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...This is especially important for the A. marina trees of the more saline sites since die back is a common phenomenon in trees subjected to drought stress (Carlquist and Hoekman, 1985) that can be caused by a high salinity (Sperry et al., 1988; Tyree and Sperry, 1989; Hacke and Sperry, 2001)....
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Book•
20 May 1999
TL;DR: Dehydration, Infiltration, and Embedding Microtomy Hand sections Staining Histochemistry and Cytochemistry The relationship of the probe to the target Cytochemical localization of cell components Cyt biochemical localization of enzymes CyTochemical Fluorescence Microscopy 12.
Abstract: 1. Quick Start Paraffin Embedding Paraffin Embedding - Microwave method Glycol methacrylate embedding Butyl/methyl methacrylate embedding Steedman's wax embedding Chromosome squashes Hematoxylin staining - microwave technique Kohler illumination 2. Microscopy History of the compound microscope Principles of specimen illumination 3. Chemical Fixation of Tissues The quality of fixation The mechanics of fixation Coagulating Fixatives Crosslinking Agents Other fixation methods Recommendations for fixing plant tissues 4. Tissue Dehydration General protocol Dehydration using a graded dehydration series Dehydration using chemical agents 5. Infiltrating Tissues Paraffin infiltrating Paraffin and PEG Embedding Polyethylene glycol and derivatives Plastic infiltrating 6. Sectioning and Mounting Mounting blocks to microtome stubs The quality of sectioning The microtome knife Setting up the microtome Sectioning Methods Mounting sections to glass slides 7. Staining Dye Chemistry Staining equipment General histological staining Other microtechniques stains and protocols Mounting the coverslip Coverslip mounting media 8. Alternate Methods of Microtomy Free-hand Sections Vibratome Cryostat Sliding microtome 9. Special Methods Clearing tissues with NaOH and chloral hydrate Clearing tissues without removing cytoplasmic components Macerating woody tissues Macerating non-woody tissues Bleaching tissues Preserving color in whole mounted specimens 10. Problem Solving Tissue collection Fixation Tannins Hard materials Sliding microtome Clearing Dehydration, Infiltration, and Embedding Microtomy Hand sections Staining 11. Histochemistry and Cytochemistry The relationship of the probe to the target Cytochemical localization of cell components Cytochemical localization of enzymes Cytochemical Fluorescence Microscopy 12. Localization of Molecular Targets Immunolocalization Tissue Printing in situ hybridization APPENDIX I: TOXICS APPENDIX II: BUFFERS APPENDIX III: COMMON CALCULATIONS APPENDIX IV: MERCURY ARC LAMP APPENDIX V: MANUFACTURERS AND VENDORS APPENDIX VI: OPTICS Properties of Light General lens optics The microscope objective The microscope eyepiece The condensor Fluorescence microscopy Microscopy light sources BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
1,293 citations
"Successive cambia development in Av..." refers background or methods in this paper
...%) with the last step taking 48 h (Ruzin, 1999)....
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...Samples were washed in 50% ethanol and dehydrated in an ethanol series (50, 75, 90, 96, 100%) with the last step taking 48 h (Ruzin, 1999)....
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TL;DR: Mangroves are trees or bushes growing between the level of high water of spring tides and a level close to but above mean sea-level and the land animals found in mangrove forests include roosting flocks of fruit bats, fishing and insectivorous birds, and many insects are conspicuous.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Mangroves are trees or bushes growing between the level of high water of spring tides and a level close to but above mean sea-level Very few species of mangrove are deep rooted, or have persistent tap roots Almost all are shallow rooted but the root systems are often extensive and may cover a wide area Rhizophoraceous trees have seedlings with a long radicle which would seem well suited to develop into a tap root, but as soon as the seedling becomes established in the mud the radicle develops little further Trees of Avicennia and of Sonneratia develop several different kinds of roots The main rooting system consists of large cable roots which give off anchoring roots downwards and aerial roots or pneumatophores upwards These pneumatophores in their turn produce a large number of nutritive roots which penetrate the mineral-rich subsurface layers of the soil The land animals found in mangrove forests include roosting flocks of fruit bats, fishing and insectivorous birds, and many insects are conspicuous Of the marine animals, crabs and molluscs live permanently in the forest, and prawns and fishes come in on the tide to feed on the apparently abundant nutriment provided by the mangrove soils In South East Asia man uses mangrove areas for the establishment of ponds for the culture of fish and prawns, and for timber
881 citations
"Successive cambia development in Av..." refers background in this paper
...Inundation class according to Watson (1928) in (Macnae, 1968)....
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...Inundation classes 1–4 correspond to an inundation frequency of 56–62, 45–56, 20–45 and 2–20 times a month, respectively (Watson, 1928 ; Macnae, 1968)....
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