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Journal ArticleDOI

Suicide mortality in India: a nationally representative survey

TL;DR: This work aimed to quantify suicide mortality in India in 2010 by applying the age-specific and sex-specific proportion of suicide deaths in this survey to the 2010 UN estimates of absolute numbers of deaths in India.
About: This article is published in The Lancet.The article was published on 2012-06-23 and is currently open access. It has received 780 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Suicide prevention & Poison control.
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The need for surgical services in low- and middleincome countries will continue to rise substantially from now until 2030, with a large projected increase in the incidence of cancer, road traffic injuries, and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in LMICs.

2,209 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Commission outlines the opportunities and challenges for investment in adolescent health and wellbeing at both country and global levels (panel 1).

1,976 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that rapid societal and economic transition in many countries means that any reductions in infection-related cancers are offset by an increasing number of new cases that are more associated with reproductive, dietary, and hormonal factors.
Abstract: Summary Background Cancer is set to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the coming decades in every region of the world. We aimed to assess the changing patterns of cancer according to varying levels of human development. Methods We used four levels (low, medium, high, and very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite indicator of life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per head, to highlight cancer-specific patterns in 2008 (on the basis of GLOBOCAN estimates) and trends 1988–2002 (on the basis of the series in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents), and to produce future burden scenario for 2030 according to projected demographic changes alone and trends-based changes for selected cancer sites. Findings In the highest HDI regions in 2008, cancers of the female breast, lung, colorectum, and prostate accounted for half the overall cancer burden, whereas in medium HDI regions, cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, and liver were also common, and together these seven cancers comprised 62% of the total cancer burden in medium to very high HDI areas. In low HDI regions, cervical cancer was more common than both breast cancer and liver cancer. Nine different cancers were the most commonly diagnosed in men across 184 countries, with cancers of the prostate, lung, and liver being the most common. Breast and cervical cancers were the most common in women. In medium HDI and high HDI settings, decreases in cervical and stomach cancer incidence seem to be offset by increases in the incidence of cancers of the female breast, prostate, and colorectum. If the cancer-specific and sex-specific trends estimated in this study continue, we predict an increase in the incidence of all-cancer cases from 12·7 million new cases in 2008 to 22·2 million by 2030. Interpretation Our findings suggest that rapid societal and economic transition in many countries means that any reductions in infection-related cancers are offset by an increasing number of new cases that are more associated with reproductive, dietary, and hormonal factors. Targeted interventions can lead to a decrease in the projected increases in cancer burden through effective primary prevention strategies, alongside the implementation of vaccination, early detection, and effective treatment programmes. Funding None.

1,792 citations

01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments – and to a significant degree.
Abstract: The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments – and to a significant degree. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries.

585 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The third UN High-Level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) on Sept 27, 2018, will review national and global progress towards the prevention and control of NCDs, and provide an opportunity to renew, reinforce, and enhance commitments to reduce their burden.

531 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results for 20 world regions are presented, summarizing the global patterns for the eight most common cancers, and striking differences in the patterns of cancer from region to region are observed.
Abstract: Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 cancers in 2008 have been prepared for 182 countries as part of the GLOBOCAN series published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In this article, we present the results for 20 world regions, summarizing the global patterns for the eight most common cancers. Overall, an estimated 12.7 million new cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths occur in 2008, with 56% of new cancer cases and 63% of the cancer deaths occurring in the less developed regions of the world. The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide are lung (1.61 million, 12.7% of the total), breast (1.38 million, 10.9%) and colorectal cancers (1.23 million, 9.7%). The most common causes of cancer death are lung cancer (1.38 million, 18.2% of the total), stomach cancer (738,000 deaths, 9.7%) and liver cancer (696,000 deaths, 9.2%). Cancer is neither rare anywhere in the world, nor mainly confined to high-resource countries. Striking differences in the patterns of cancer from region to region are observed.

21,040 citations

Book
31 Dec 1997
TL;DR: The aim of this study was to establish a database of histological groups and to provide a level of consistency and quality of data that could be applied in the design of future registries.
Abstract: 1. Techniques of registration 2. Classification and coding 3. Histological groups 4. Comparability and quality of data 5. Data processing 6. Age-standardization 7. Incidence data by site and sex for each registry 8. Summary tables presenting age-standardized rates 9. Data on histological type for selected sites

10,160 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the carcinogenicity of the biological agents classifi ed as "carcinogenic to humans" (Group 1) and to identify additional tumour sites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis (tables 1 and 2).
Abstract: In February, 2009, 36 scientists from 16 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to reassess the carcinogenicity of the biological agents classifi ed as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1) and to identify additional tumour sites and mechanisms of carcinogenesis (tables 1 and 2). These assessments will be published as part B of Volume 100 of the IARC Monographs. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infect, res pectively, over 300 million and 170 million people worldwide, mainly in Asia and Africa. Chronic infection with these viruses is known to cause hepatocellular carcinoma. Suffi cient evidence is available to conclude that chronic infection with HCV can also cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially B-cell lymphoma. In an inter vention study, patients with HCV infection and splenic lymphoma who were given the antiviral agent, interferon, showed regression of the lymphoma. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects almost everyone and causes several types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, one of the most common cancers in southeastern Asia, and Burkitt’s lymphoma in children in Africa. New evidence points to a role for EBV in 5–10% of gastric carcinomas worldwide. EBV-positive gastric carcinoma develops early in life and has distinct histopathology, therefore it might belong to a separate clinical entity. In this subset of gastric tumours, presence of the viral genome in a monoclonal form and expression of EBV-transforming proteins are strong evidence for the involvement of EBV. Data from 22 cohort studies and 80 case–control studies show an association between Kaposi’s sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma, with relative risks higher than 10. Most studies are of transplant recipients and people infected with HIV-1. In both patients who are and are not infected with HIV-1, risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma increases relative to increasing titre of antibodies directed against KSHV, which are markers of the viral load. Evidence is suffi cient to show that KSHV causes primary eff usion lymphoma, a rare subgroup of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Mechanistic data support an oncogenic role for KSHV in Kaposi’s sarcoma and in primary eff usion lymphoma—in individuals who are immunocompromised and in those apparently immunocompetent. KSHV is also associated with multicentric Castleman’s disease. Individuals who are infected with HIV-1 have a high risk of cancer. HIV-1 infection, mainly through immunosuppression, leads to increased replication of oncogenic viruses such as EBV and KSHV. Although antiretroviral therapy lowers the risk of many cancers associated with HIV-1, risks remain high. Cervical cancer is caused by types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that belong to a few phylogenetically related “high-risk” species (alpha-5, 6, 7, 9, 11) of the mucosotropic alpha genus. The types found most frequently in cervical cancer (HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58) and four types less constantly found (HPV-39, 51, 56, 59) were classifi ed in

2,349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Application of such methods indicates that on current smoking patterns just over 20% of those now living in developed countries will eventually be killed by tobacco (ie, about a quarter of a billion, out of a current total population of just under one and a quarter billion).

1,375 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In a low-resource setting, a single round of HPV testing was associated with a significant reduction in the numbers of advanced cervical cancers and deaths from cervical cancer.
Abstract: In the HPV-testing group, cervical cancer was diagnosed in 127 subjects (of whom 39 had stage II or higher), as compared with 118 subjects (of whom 82 had advanced disease) in the control group (hazard ratio for the detection of advanced cancer in the HPV-testing group, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.69). There were 34 deaths from cancer in the HPV-testing group, as compared with 64 in the control group (hazard ratio, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.83). No significant reductions in the numbers of advanced cancers or deaths were observed in the cytologic-testing group or in the VIA group, as compared with the control group. Mild adverse events were reported in 0.1% of screened women. Conclusions In a low-resource setting, a single round of HPV testing was associated with a significant reduction in the numbers of advanced cervical cancers and deaths from cervical cancer.

1,019 citations