Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Marine Clay

doi:10.1080/10641190590944926

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Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Marine Clay

Journal Article•DOI•

Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Marine Clay

G. Rajasekaran, S. Narasimha Rao¹•Institutions (1)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras¹

01 Jan 2005-Marine Georesources & Geotechnology (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 23, pp 93-116

TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the influence of sodium and calcium sulphates on the behavior of lime column treated marine clays and the formation of various reaction products, including ettringite.

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Abstract: The use of lime to improve the properties of soft clays is not new. Recently the deep lime mixing technique has been extended to coastal regions for improving the behavior of weak marine clays. But lime treatment technique should be approached carefully for clay containing a high percentage of sodium sulphate. The presence of sulphate in lime-treated clays may result in high swelling due to the formation of the expansive mineral, ettringite. A limited study of lime-treated marine clays has shown a need to further explore the formation of ettringite and its stability with time. In this article, a laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the influence of sodium and calcium sulphates on the behavior of lime column treated marine clay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the formation of various reaction products, including ettringite. Test results indicate that the formation of ettringite in the lime-sodium sulphate-clay system adversely affects the engineering behavio...

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Determination of sulfate content in marine clays

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Anitha G. Pillai, B. M. Abraham, A. Sridharan

01 Jan 2011

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of different methods used to quantify sulphate in soils is presented, and the key issue in deciding how to properly stabilize sulphate bearing soils using lime is to efficiently determine the sulphate content of soils and to determine the threshold quantity of sulphate likely to cause damage.

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Abstract: Improving the engineering behavior of soft clays using lime has been used for several decades. Even though chemical stabilization of clays has proved to improve the engineering properties, problems arise when calcium – based stabilizers are used in soils rich in sulphate bearing minerals. Therefore lime stabilization technique should be cautiously applied in sulphate enriched environment or in marine clays containing sodium sulphate. Sulphate content is thus clearly the most important property to consider when evaluating such soils as foundation medium or for construction purposes. Thus the key issue in deciding how to properly stabilize sulphate bearing soils using lime is to efficiently determine the sulphate content of soils and to determine the threshold quantity of sulphate likely to cause damage. This paper focuses on a comparison of different methods used to quantify sulphate in soils.

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6 citations

Cites background from "Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..."

...1012 | P a g e Keywords - Cochin Marine Clay, Sodium Sulphate, Sulphate Determination...
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...Lime stabilization is known to create long – term chemical changes in unstable clay soils, to create strong, but flexible, permanent structural layers in pavement systems and other foundations....
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...It is possible for marine clays to be enriched with sulphates, either by nature or due to the discharge of nearby industrial waste containing sulphates [2]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Experimental Study on Lime-Treated Waste Soil Based on Water Transfer Mechanism

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Fanlu Min¹, Ma Jiawei¹, Nan Zhang², Hangbiao Song³, Du Jiarui⁴, Dengfeng Wang¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (4)

Hohai University¹, University of Texas at Arlington², University of Liège³, Ruhr University Bochum⁴

26 Feb 2021-Ksce Journal of Civil Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors quantitatively investigated the underlying modification mechanism of lime-treated waste soil based on water transfer mechanism and found that the formation of hydrates gel mainly improves soil plasticity.

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Abstract: A large amount of waste soil (mud) is being produced from the construction of civil and infrastructures. As a result, resource utilization of the waste soil has become even more important in geotechnical engineering community. This study quantitatively investigates the underlying modification mechanism of lime-treated waste soil based on water transfer mechanism. Content of different types of water was first measured, and content of each hydration product and the Atterberg limits of soils before and after the lime treatment were then analyzed. It is found the mechanism of lime treatment is to transfer free water with low potential energy to bound water and hydration water with high potential energy. In addition, the formation of hydrates gel mainly improves soil plasticity by affecting the limit of soil plasticity. The hydration water can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and the growth potential.

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6 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of aluminate content in cement on the long-term sulfate resistance of cement stabilized sand

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Kai-Wei Liu¹, Kai-Wei Liu², Wang Yueming², Ning-Jun Jiang¹, Aiguo Wang², Daosheng Sun², Xingxing Chen² - Show less +3 more•Institutions (2)

University of Hawaii at Manoa¹, Anhui Jianzhu University²

08 Aug 2020-Marine Georesources & Geotechnology

TL;DR: In this paper, the durability of cement-based materials for marine/coastal structures is an increasingly challenging problem, as sulfate ions in seawater can react with aluminate in cement to form erosion products.

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Abstract: Durability of cement-based materials for marine/coastal structures is an increasingly challenging problem. Sulfate ions in seawater can react with aluminate in cement to form erosion products, caus...

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6 citations

Cites background from "Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..."

...Although the engineering performance and durability of cement stabilized soils were extensively investigated in the past (Jiang, Du, and Liu 2018; Puppala et al. 2004; Rajasekaran and Rao, 2005; Rollings, Burkes, and Rollings 1999), there were very few studies investigating the effect of aluminate content in cement on the durability of cement stabilized sand under sulfate attack....
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Dissertation•

A study on mitigating the effect of sulphates in lime stabilised Cochin marine clays

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Anitha G Pillai

20 Apr 2014

4 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The Effect of POFA-Gypsum Binary Mixture Replacement on the Performance of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties Enhancements of Clays

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Abdulmajeed Ali Alhokabi, Muzamir Hasan, M.S. Mohammad Amran, Roman Fediuk, Nikolay Vatin, H. Alshaeer - Show less +2 more

01 Feb 2022-Materials

TL;DR: In this article , the effect of POFA-gypsum binary mixture replacement on the performance of mechanical and microstructural properties en-hancements of clays was investigated.

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Abstract: Soft clay is categorized as problematic due to its weak and dispersive properties which requires stabilization. In Malaysia, there is another challenge, the increment of palm oil waste productions to meet the global demand for food oil. These two concerns motivate engineers to develop novel strategies for exploiting palm oil waste in soil stabilization. Utilizing POFA as a soil stabilizing agent is an economical and sustainable option due to that POFA contains high pozzolanic characteristics which make it more suitable and reliable to treat soft soil. This study uses the replacement portion of the soil with stabilizing agents -POFA and Gypsum; aiming to achieve Malaysia green technology goals by the balance of the economic expansion and environmental privilege. However, the aim of this study is to determine the effect of POFA-gypsum binary mixture replacement on the performance of mechanical and microstructural properties en-hancements of clays. Kaolin S300 is the control sample whereas POFA and gypsum are the used binders. The mechanical properties and shear strength with the curing period were tested. Results showed that treated clay marked increment of optimum water contents and reduction of maximum dry densities, a clear 200% of enhancement of treated clay’s compressive and shear strength with curing period as well as the amount of stabilizing agent to less than 15% of POFA and 6% of POFA. It is also found that as gypsum contains a high amount of lime (CaO), the results illustrate that strength raises significantly even with less curing time due to its high reactivity compared to silica and alu-mina. Overall, the results show an enhancement of mechanical and shear strength properties of treated kaolin supported by microstructural SEM imaging.

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4 citations

References

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Book•

Soil Chemical Analysis

[...]

Marion LeRoy Jackson

01 Jan 2014

TL;DR: Soil chemical analysis, Soil Chemical Analysis (SCA), this paper, is a technique for soil chemical analysis that is used in the field of Soil Chemistry and Chemical Engineering.

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Abstract: Soil chemical analysis , Soil chemical analysis , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

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13,439 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Soil Chemical Analysis

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C. I. Rich

01 May 1958-Agronomy Journal

7,335 citations

"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers methods in this paper

...Procedures suggested by Jackson (1958) were used for chemical analysis of samples such as organic content, pH, exchangeable ions, and base exchange capacity....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Lime-Induced Heave in Sulfate-Bearing Clay Soils

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Dal Hunter

01 Feb 1988-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

TL;DR: In this article, the authors found abundant thaumasite, a complex calcium-silicate-hydroxide-sulfate-carbonate-hyd rate mineral, forming a solid solution series with ettringite.

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Abstract: Expansive reactions between lime and sulfate-bearing clay soils have attracted little attention until relatively recently. Lime treatment of Stewart Avenue in Las Vegas, Nevada, had induced heave in excess of 12 in. Heaved areas are found to contain abundant thaumasite, a complex calcium-silicate-hydroxide-sulfate-carbonate-hyd rate mineral. Thaumasite forms a solid solution series with ettringite, a calcium-aluminum-hydroxide-sulfate-hy drate mineral. In the presence of aluminum, ettringite forms first and is replaced by thaumasite only at temperatures below 15°C. The mechanism of heave is a complex function of available water, the percentage of soil clay, and ion mobility. Only the long-term possolanic chemistry of normal lime-soil reactions is disrupted. Cation exchange, agglomeration, and carbonation are unaffected. With the present state of knowledge, lime-induced heave is difficult to predict for all but most obvious conditions.

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365 citations

"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

...Recent studies of lime treated clays have reported swelling and pavement failures are caused by the formation of expansive type minerals such as ettringite (Ca6 Al2(OH)12(SO4)3 26H2O) and thaumasite (Ca3 (H2O)12(CO3) (SO4)[Si(OH)6)] (Mitchell 1986; Hunter 1988; Rajasekaran 1994)....
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...Hunter (1988) reported the formation of ettringite and thaumasite in sulphate enriched soils....
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...Several researchers (Mehta and Klien 1966; Hunter 1988; Mitchell and Dermatas 1992) have brought out the influence of temperature on ettringite formation....
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...Provide sufficient lateral drainage to remove any oxidation products or keep high pH environment Hunter (1988) Avoid ponding of soils and provide good surface drainage, use utility trenches with impermeable synthetic liners along the slopes and construction joints Raja (1990) Add barium chloride…...
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...The fluctuation of lime content values in the above system during the first 30 days may be due to the consumption of Ca2þ ions in ettringite formation (Mitchell 1986; Hunter 1988)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Practical problems from surprising soil behavior

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James K. Mitchell

01 Mar 1986-Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

TL;DR: In this paper, the aging of quick clay after sampling, the remolded strength increases in samples maintained at constant water content, time effects in freshly densified or deposited sand, in which natural sand deposits can lose strength if disturbed but regain strength over time periods of weeks to months, and apparently sound lime-stabilized soil that swells and disintegrates starting a few years after construction.

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Abstract: In spite of our present very advanced analytical capabilities, our present ability to predict actual field behavior is, in many cases, woefully inadequate. Four cases are described to illustrate one of the reasons why actual and predicted performances are sometimes so widely divergent—namely, failure to understand how a soil might respond over time to changed conditions. The four cases are: (1) The aging of quick clay after sampling, in which the remolded strength increases in samples maintained at constant water content; (2) time effects in freshly densified or deposited sand, in which natural sand deposits can lose strength if disturbed but regain strength over time periods of weeks to months; (3) apparently sound lime‐stabilized soil that swells and disintegrates starting a few years after construction; and (4) the failure of excess pore pressures to dissipate as predicted during the consolidation of soft clays. Study of each of these problems has led to an understanding of the responsible phenomena an...

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297 citations

"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

...The fluctuation of lime content values in the above system during the first 30 days may be due to the consumption of Ca2þ ions in ettringite formation (Mitchell 1986; Hunter 1988)....
[...]
...Recent studies of lime treated clays have reported swelling and pavement failures are caused by the formation of expansive type minerals such as ettringite (Ca6 Al2(OH)12(SO4)3 26H2O) and thaumasite (Ca3 (H2O)12(CO3) (SO4)[Si(OH)6)] (Mitchell 1986; Hunter 1988; Rajasekaran 1994)....
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...Ettringite induced swelling in sulphate-enriched soils has been explained in detail by several researchers (Mitchell 1986; Hunter 1988; Rollings et al. 1999), but the increase in swelling pressure has been noted only under certain conditions (Stuble 1986)....
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...This may be due to ettringite formation which is accompanied by an increase in the liquid limit values (see Mitchell 1986) after 15 days....
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Book•

Soil Stabilization With Cement and Lime

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P. T. Sherwood

01 Oct 1994

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review on the subject of soil stabilization, which is the process whereby soils and related materials are made stronger and more durable by mixing with a stabilizing agent.

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Abstract: This book reviews the subject of soil stabilization which is the process whereby soils and related materials are made stronger and more durable by mixing with a stabilizing agent. The process enables materials to be employed in the construction of road pavements which without stabilization would be unsuitable for use. The use of stabilized soils in place of natural aggregates can have considerable environmental and economic advantages. Although other stabilizing agents can be used, cement and lime are by far the most important and the book therefore concentrates on their use. The book begins with an outline of the principles of stabilization followed by a review of the methods of testing and the specifications in use in different parts of the world. The physical and chemical factors affecting the strength of stabilized soils are dealt with in depth, and then the book goes on to describe the practical aspects of the technology including the design process, construction techniques, quality control procedures, and problem areas. In the final chapter the environmental and economic benefits of the techniques are reviewed and summarized.

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283 citations