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Journal ArticleDOI

Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Marine Clay

01 Jan 2005-Marine Georesources & Geotechnology (Taylor & Francis Group)-Vol. 23, pp 93-116
TL;DR: In this article, a laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the influence of sodium and calcium sulphates on the behavior of lime column treated marine clays and the formation of various reaction products, including ettringite.
Abstract: The use of lime to improve the properties of soft clays is not new. Recently the deep lime mixing technique has been extended to coastal regions for improving the behavior of weak marine clays. But lime treatment technique should be approached carefully for clay containing a high percentage of sodium sulphate. The presence of sulphate in lime-treated clays may result in high swelling due to the formation of the expansive mineral, ettringite. A limited study of lime-treated marine clays has shown a need to further explore the formation of ettringite and its stability with time. In this article, a laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the influence of sodium and calcium sulphates on the behavior of lime column treated marine clay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the formation of various reaction products, including ettringite. Test results indicate that the formation of ettringite in the lime-sodium sulphate-clay system adversely affects the engineering behavio...
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

7,335 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of nano-MgO in strength properties and microstructure characteristics of cement stabilized soft soil were analyzed in a series of unconfined compression tests.

90 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil was investigated and the effect of treating the soil with a polymer solution was compared to 6% lime treated soil.
Abstract: In this study, the compressive and tensile behavior of polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil was investigated. Based on the information in the literature, a field soil was contaminated with up to 4 % (40,000 ppm) of calcium sulfate in this study. In addition to characterizing the behavior of sulfate contaminated CL soil, the effect of treating the soil with a polymer solution was investigated and the performance was compared to 6 % lime treated soil. In treating the soil, acrylamide polymer solution (15 g of polymer dissolved in 85 g of water) content was varied up to 15 % (by dry soil weight). Addition of 4 % calcium sulfate to the soil decreased the compressive and tensile strengths of the compacted soils by 22 and 33 % respectively with the formation of calcium silicate sulfate [ternesite Ca5(SiO4)2SO4)], magnesium silicate sulfate (Mg5(SiO4)2SO4) and calcium-magnesium silicate (merwinite Ca3Mg(SiO4)2). With the polymer treatment the strength properties of sulfate contaminated CL soil was substantially improved. Polymer treated sulfate soils had higher compressive and tensile strengths and enhanced compressive stress–strain relationships compared to the lime treated soils. Also polymer treated soils gained strength more rapidly than lime treated soil. With 10 % of polymer solution treatment, the maximum unconfined compressive and splitting tensile strengths for 4 % of calcium sulfate soil were 625 kPa (91 psi) and 131 kPa (19 psi) respectively in 1 day of curing. Similar improvement in the compressive modulus was observed with polymer treated sulfate contaminated CL soil. The variation of the compacted compressive strength and tensile strength with calcium sulfate concentrations for the treated soils were quantified and the parameters were related to calcium sulfate content in the soil and polymer content. Compressive stress–strain relationships of the sulfate soil, with and without lime and polymer treatment, have been quantified using two nonlinear constitutive models. The constitutive model parameters were sensitive to the calcium sulfate content and the type of treatment.

77 citations


Cites background from "Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..."

  • ...1) and its exposure to moisture variations from seasonal changes result in differential heaving, which in turn causes cracking of pavement structures built on the treated soils (Rajasekharan and Rao 2005; Pillai et al. 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study on the sulfate attack resistance of a LAS stabilized clayey soil, which is composed of GGBS, sodium silicate, calcium carbide residue (CCR), air foam, and clayy soil, was conducted.

66 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a single and double layer of coir geotextile mat at various depths have been placed to evaluate the effect of reinforcement on expansive soil subgrade, and the experimental results analyzed indicate that the lime treated coir geo-textextexel mat reduces the upward swelling pressure by 52.19% in single layer and 81.89% in double-layer.

59 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, simulated low-level wastes containing high amounts of Na 2 SO 4 (10 ≈ 15%) were examined with respect to the mineralogy of the solid phases, chemical composition of the interstitial aqueous phase and immersion behaviour in water.

79 citations


"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Also the utilization of industrial wastes for pavement or other construction works may also be contaminated with sodium and magnesium sulphates (Obika and Freer-Hewish 1990; Li et al. 1996)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Atterberg limits and compressibility properties of bentonite, homoionized with a series of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations, were investigated.
Abstract: The Paper reports the mechanisms controlling the Atterberg limits and compressibility characteristics of bentonite, homoionized with a series of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations. An increase in cationic valency reduces the liquid limit and the compressibility of the clay material, while an increase in the hydrated ionic radius (for a constant valency) increases the liquid limit and compressibility. The size effect is more pronounced for the monovalent bentonites than for the divalent and trivalent clays. The influence of ionic size is explained qualitatively by the Stern model. In the potassium and ammonium bentonites, besides the relatively higher adsorption of cations in the Stern layer, the partial fixation of the cations in the hexagonal oxygen holes of the surface silicate layer also contributes to the marked changes in the properties studied. The consolidation rate and permeability are also significantly affected by the valency and size of the adsorbed cations. An increase in the valency o...

77 citations


"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Base exchange capacity is a total measure of exchangeable cations present in the soil, and the influence of base exchange capacity on the physical, as well as engineering, behavior of soils has been reported by Sridharan et al. (1986) and Rajasekaran (1994)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the arid and extremely arid areas of the Middle East are outlined, and the past and present climatic regimes within these areas considered and related to existing rock and soil conditions.
Abstract: Summary The arid and extremely arid areas of the Middle East are outlined, and the past and present climatic regimes within these areas considered and related to the existing rock and soil conditions. A system of classification of the ground into four simple zones based on their desert characteristics and the natural processes operating within the zone is described. The general engineering character of each zone is discussed and particular problems highlighted. Zone I is the mountainous areas, zone II the large gravel fans bounding mountains, zone III the alluvial plains beyond the fans, and zone IV the central base level plains between mountains or adjacent to coasts. The great majority of desert soils are granular and their engineering behaviour is directly related to their grading characteristics. Flooding is an important hazard in the fans and alluvial plains, while in the base level plains high water tables are of major importance. Ground conditions of significance in deserts, which do not generally occur elsewhere include aggressive salty ground, wind blown sands and silts, and hard and soft duricrusts. These and certain other ground conditions are described.

75 citations


"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Fookes (1978) reported the presence of calcium sulphate and its phase transformations in the Arabian Gulf coastal region due to hostile climatic and environmental conditions....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an attempt was made to examine the diffusion of lime in the lime treated marine clay from the lime column or lime injection points and the changes which occurred in the engineering behavior of the soil system.

74 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of the expansive soil formations of eastern Saudi Arabia containing gypsum and anhydrite is discussed, and the potential hazards of local expansive soils are discussed.

66 citations


"Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Mar..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The presence of sulphates in the form of either iron sulphide, Fe2S (pyrite) or selenite (gypsum) can be seen in soils as reported by Littleton and Willavise (1992) and Azam et al. (1998). Also the utilization of industrial wastes for pavement or other construction works may also be contaminated with sodium and magnesium sulphates (Obika and Freer-Hewish 1990; Li et al....

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  • ...The presence of sulphates in the form of either iron sulphide, Fe2S (pyrite) or selenite (gypsum) can be seen in soils as reported by Littleton and Willavise (1992) and Azam et al. (1998)....

    [...]