Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostic Applications
01 Jan 2019-pp 245-276
TL;DR: The role of the SPIONs in the formation of the ferrofluids along with their stabilization process via diverse interactions is described and their intrinsic cancer theranostic efficacies might alter due to the differences in their physicochemical/dispersibility/magnetic properties.
Abstract: In the last few decades, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs—particularly magnetite (Fe3O4)/maghemite (Fe2O3) nanoparticles) have gained a great deal of attention in many biomedical applications, including magnetic targeting based cell isolation/sorting, tissue engineering, gene delivery, and magnetofection, due to their unique magnetic properties, excellent chemical stability, biodegradability, and low toxicity as compared to other magnetic materials (for instance, Co, Mn, and Ni). But recently, SPIONs (in the form of ferrofluids—i.e., SPIONs dispersed in a carrier fluid) have become a highly promising candidate for their use as therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) agents in cancer treatment applications such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. However, the theranostic efficacies of the SPIONs (or ferrofluids) might alter due to the differences in their physicochemical/dispersibility/magnetic properties that are significantly impacted by their synthesis methods and their stabilization process. In this chapter, we have initially discussed the crystal structure/composition and different synthesis methods of the SPIONs. Then, we have described the role of the SPIONs in the formation of the ferrofluids along with their stabilization process via diverse interactions. Finally, we have discussed about their (1) intrinsic cancer theranostic applications of SPIONs such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic nanoparticle-based drug delivery and (2) combined cancer theranostics applications including MRI as an adjuvant to fluorescence imaging, thermo-chemotherapy, thermo-radiotherapy, and thermo-immunotherapy.
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University of Sharjah1, Islamia University2, Nova Southeastern University3, University of Malakand4, University of Texas at Austin5, University of KwaZulu-Natal6, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology7, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)8, Universiti Teknologi MARA9, University of Sargodha10, Umm al-Qura University11
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TL;DR: In this article , a concise review of the latest developments in catalytic processes involving organic reactions is presented, focusing on magnetic catalytic systems (MCSs), which can shorten the reaction time, effectively accelerate reactions and significantly upgrade both pharmaceutical synthesis and degradation mechanisms by preventing unwanted side reactions.
Abstract: Herein, a concise review of the latest developments in catalytic processes involving organic reactions is presented, focusing on magnetic catalytic systems (MCSs). In recent years, various micro- and nanoscale magnetic catalysts have been prepared through different methods based on optimized reaction conditions and utilized in complex organic synthesis or degradation reactions of pharmaceutical compounds. These biodegradable, biocompatible and eco-benign MCSs have achieved the principles of green chemistry, and thus their usage is highly advocated. In addition, MCSs can shorten the reaction time, effectively accelerate reactions, and significantly upgrade both pharmaceutical synthesis and degradation mechanisms by preventing unwanted side reactions. Moreover, the other significant benefits of MCSs include their convenient magnetic separation, high stability and reusability, inexpensive raw materials, facile preparation routes, and surface functionalization. In this review, our aim is to present at the recent improvements in the structure of versatile MCSs and their characteristics, i.e., magnetization, recyclability, structural stability, turnover number (TON), and turnover frequency (TOF). Concisely, different hybrid and multifunctional MCSs are discussed. Additionally, the applications of MCSs for the synthesis of different pharmaceutical ingredients and degradation of organic wastewater contaminants such as toxic dyes and drugs are demonstrated.
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9 citations
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4 citations
References
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TL;DR: Delivery of conventional chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs is mainly discussed and exploitation and the understanding of these characteristics to design new drug delivery systems targeting the tumor are focused on.
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TL;DR: The problems and major challenges, along with the directions for the synthesis and surface functionalization of iron oxide NPs, are considered and some future trends and prospective in these research areas are also discussed.
Abstract: Surface functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are a kind of novel functional materials, which have been widely used in the biotechnology and catalysis. This review focuses on the recent development and various strategies in preparation, structure, and magnetic properties of naked and surface functionalized iron oxide NPs and their corresponding application briefly. In order to implement the practical application, the particles must have combined properties of high magnetic saturation, stability, biocompatibility, and interactive functions at the surface. Moreover, the surface of iron oxide NPs could be modified by organic materials or inorganic materials, such as polymers, biomolecules, silica, metals, etc. The problems and major challenges, along with the directions for the synthesis and surface functionalization of iron oxide NPs, are considered. Finally, some future trends and prospective in these research areas are also discussed.
1,827 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a review of state-of-the-art synthetic routes for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles useful for biomedical applications is presented, with a special emphasis on showing the benefits of using nanoparticles.
Abstract: This review is focused on describing state-of-the-art synthetic routes for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles useful for biomedical applications. In addition to this topic, we have also described in some detail some of the possible applications of magnetic nanoparticles in the field of biomedicine with special emphasis on showing the benefits of using nanoparticles. Finally, we have addressed some relevant findings on the importance of having well-defined synthetic routes to produce materials not only with similar physical features but also with similar crystallochemical characteristics.
1,753 citations