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Journal ArticleDOI

Supersymmetric relics from the big bang

11 Jun 1984-Nuclear Physics (North-Holland)-Vol. 238, Iss: 2, pp 453-476
TL;DR: In this paper, the cosmological constraints on supersymmetric theories with a new stable particle were considered and bounds on the parameters in the lagrangian which govern its mass and couplings were derived.
About: This article is published in Nuclear Physics.The article was published on 1984-06-11 and is currently open access. It has received 1437 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lightest Supersymmetric Particle & Gravitino.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Claude Amsler1, Michael Doser2, Mario Antonelli, D. M. Asner3  +173 moreInstitutions (86)
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics, using data from previous editions.

12,798 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current status of particle dark matter, including experimental evidence and theoretical motivations, including direct and indirect detection techniques, is discussed in this paper. But the authors focus on neutralinos in models of supersymmetry and Kaluza-Klein dark matter in universal extra dimensions.

4,614 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the neutralino is considered as a superpartner in many supersymmetric theories, and the cosmological abundance of neutralino and the event rates for both direct and indirect detection schemes are discussed.
Abstract: There is almost universal agreement among astronomers that most of the mass in the Universe and most of the mass in the Galactic halo is dark. Many lines of reasoning suggest that the dark matter consists of some new, as yet undiscovered, weakly-interacting massive particle (WIMP). There is now a vast experimental effort being surmounted to detect WIMPS in the halo. The most promising techniques involve direct detection in low-background laboratory detectors and indirect detection through observation of energetic neutrinos from annihilation of WIMPs that have accumulated in the Sun and/or the Earth. Of the many WIMP candidates, perhaps the best motivated and certainly the most theoretically developed is the neutralino, the lightest superpartner in many supersymmetric theories. We review the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model and discuss prospects for detection of neutralino dark matter. We review in detail how to calculate the cosmological abundance of the neutralino and the event rates for both direct- and indirect-detection schemes, and we discuss astrophysical and laboratory constraints on supersymmetric models. We isolate and clarify the uncertainties from particle physics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics that enter at each step in the calculation. We briefly review other related dark-matter candidates and detection techniques.

2,047 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the neutralino is proposed as the lightest superpartner in many supersymmetric theories, and it is shown how to calculate the cosmological abundance of neutralino and event rates for both direct and indirect detection schemes.

1,670 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 1984-Nature
TL;DR: The cold dark matter hypothesis as mentioned in this paper suggests that the dark matter that appears to be gravitationally dominant on all scales larger than galactic cores may consist of axions, stable photinos, or other collisionless particles whose velocity dispersion in the early Universe is so small that fluctuations of galactic size or larger are not damped by free streaming.
Abstract: The dark matter that appears to be gravitationally dominant on all scales larger than galactic cores may consist of axions, stable photinos, or other collisionless particles whose velocity dispersion in the early Universe is so small that fluctuations of galactic size or larger are not damped by free streaming. An attractive feature of this cold dark matter hypothesis is its considerable predictive power: the post-recombination fluctuation spectrum is calculable, and it in turn governs the formation of galaxies and clusters. Good agreement with the data is obtained for a Zeldovich (|δk|2 ∝ k) spectrum of primordial fluctuations.

1,448 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors give an explanation of the conservation of strong interactions which includes the effects of pseudoparticles, and they find it is a natural result for any theory where at least one flavor of fermion acquires its mass through a Yukawa coupling to a scalar field which has nonvanishing vacuum expectation value.
Abstract: We give an explanation of the $\mathrm{CP}$ conservation of strong interactions which includes the effects of pseudoparticles. We find it is a natural result for any theory where at least one flavor of fermion acquires its mass through a Yukawa coupling to a scalar field which has nonvanishing vacuum expectation value.

5,545 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present cosmic mass density of possible stable neutral heavy leptons is calculated in a standard cosmological model as mentioned in this paper, in order for this density not to exceed the upper limit of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the lepton mass would have to be greater than a lower bound of the order of 2 GeV.
Abstract: The present cosmic mass density of possible stable neutral heavy leptons is calculated in a standard cosmological model. In order for this density not to exceed the upper limit of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}29}$ g/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$, the lepton mass would have to be greater than a lower bound of the order of 2 GeV.

1,216 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A lower bound for the photino mass as a function of the spin-0 fermion superpartner mass was derived as an extension of the calculation of Lee and Weinberg as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A lower bound for the photino mass ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}}$ as a function of the spin-0 fermion superpartner mass ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}$ is derived as an extension of the calculation of Lee and Weinberg. The Majorana nature of the photino induces a $p$-wave threshold for annihilation $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f\overline{f}$ into light fermions, and leads to a rather unexpected form for the bound: for $25 \mathrm{GeV}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}45 \mathrm{GeV}$, ${({m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}})}_{min}\ensuremath{\simeq}{m}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=1.8$ GeV; for ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}g45$ GeV, ${({m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}})}_{min}$ increases approximately linearly with ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}$ to a value of 20 GeV when ${m}_{\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{f}}=100$ GeV.

1,132 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the minimal S U(3)×S U(2)×U(1)→U( 1)em gauge model with softly broken supersymmetry is studied in the framework of the standard grand unification.
Abstract: The minimal S U(3)× S U(2)× U(1) gauge model with softly broken supersymmetry is studied in the framework of the standard grand unification. It is assumed that the supersymmetry is left intact at an energy scale μ≃ M_X, the grand unification mass scale, except for Majorana masses of gauge fermions. The other soft breaking parameters at low energies are shown to be generated by renormalization effects. The gauge symmetry breaking S U(2)× U(1)→ U(1)em is also caused through radiative corrections. The super-GIM mechanism apparently works well to suppress flavor changing neutral interactions. The mass of the top quark is remarkably found to be constrained as 60 GeV ≾ mt ≾ 180 GeV. Futhermore various mass relations for unconventional particles are obtained as well as crude estimates for numerical masses of them. It is found that there is a plethola of new particles in a mass range from a few tens of GeV to a few hundred GeV.

674 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ostriker and Peebles as discussed by the authors showed that the disks of normal spiral galaxies must be imbedded in optically undetected, stabilizing massive halos, and provided observational evidence in support of such halos.
Abstract: Is there more to a galaxy than meets the eye (or can be seen on a photo­ graph)? Many decades ago, Zwicky (1933) and Smith (1936) showed that if the Virgo cluster of galaxies is bound, the total mass must considerably exceed the sum of the masses of the individual member galaxies; i.e. there appeared to be "missing mass" in the cluster. As more data became avail­ able, the discrepancy persisted between masses of individual galaxies determined from optical rotation curves and the larger average galaxy mass needed to bind groups and clusters (e.g. Neyman, Page & Scott 1961). Recently, however, new information has pointed toward larger total masses for individual galaxies, thus decreasing the traditional discrepancy between various methods of mass measurement. Arguing that thin self­ gravitating stellar disks are unstable against bar-like modes, Ostriker & Peebles (1973) suggested that the disks of normal spiral galaxies must be imbedded in optically undetected, stabilizing massive halos. Ostriker, Peebles & Yahil (1974) and Einasto, Kaasik & Saar (1974) collected observational evidence in support of the existence of such halos (although Burbidge 1975 used similar data to reach the opposite conclusion). At nearly the same time, h igh-resolution 2 1-cm observations of nearby galaxies were showing that H I often extends well beyond the optical

644 citations