Surfactant assisted production of ricinoleic acid using cross-linked and entrapped porcine pancreas lipase
01 Jun 2021-Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology (Informa UK Limited)-Vol. 42, Iss: 7, pp 947-955
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the impact of surfactant augmentation on the performance of porcine pancreas lipase in castor oil to ricinoleic acid.
Abstract: This work studied hydrolysis of castor oil to ricinoleic acid, catalyzed by immobilized porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) and impact of surfactant on its augmentation. In immobilization of lipase throu...
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reviewed some reaction stages to the preparation of ricinoleic acid from castor oil, and the most effective technique was the hydrolysis through the use of the enzyme lipozyme TL IM.
Abstract: Castor oil is a vegetable product extracted from Ricinus communis L (castor seed), which is primarily considered an important commercial value for the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, coatings, etc. It is rich in hydroxylated fatty acids (ricinoleic acid, 89-92%) and is widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, oleochemical, and agricultural industries. This oil has also been confirmed as a bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, and antiherpetic agents, due to the ricinoleic acid having functional groups, such as -COOH, -OH, and -C=C-. Furthermore, it is converted into various acid derivative compounds with several applications. Therefore, this article reviewed some reaction stages to the preparation of ricinoleic acid from castor oil. Several methods or reaction pathways were employed in the preparation procedure, such as the Twitchell and Colgate-Emery processes, as well as the alkaline catalyzed, transesterification with methyl ricinoleic, and lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis, respectively. Although each of these preparation methods has advantages and disadvantages, the most effective technique was the hydrolysis through the use of the enzyme lipozyme TL IM. Besides being a green method, the conversion rate in the hydrolysis process was 96.2 ± 1.5.
3 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper , the catalytic performance of lipase, an interfacially active enzyme, depends on the reaction medium, such as mixture of mixed micelles, which have advantages like improving lipase-substrate interaction, increasing water nucleophilicity, sometimes greater emulsion stability and reduced product inhibition.
Abstract: The catalytic performance of lipase, an interfacially active enzyme, depends on the reaction medium. Novel reaction media like mixed micelles affect lipase catalysis mostly by stabilizing the lipase structure and increasing the substrate solubilization. Nonionic surfactant addition in ionic micelles formed mixed micelles and increased lipase catalysis by lowering detrimental lipase-ionic surfactant hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Nonionic/nonionic mixed micelles enhanced activity and enantiomeric selectivity of free lipase but reduced those for immobilized lipase. Nonconventional cationic/cationic, anionic/nonionic/ionic liquid, and substrate/nonionic mixed micelles also improved lipase catalysis. Lipase activity was high in bile salt/surfactant mixed micelles but was low in bile salt/phospholipid mixed micelle. Mixed micelles have advantages like improving lipase-substrate interaction, increasing water nucleophilicity, sometimes greater emulsion stability, and reduced product inhibition. In mixed micelles, increasing the lipase concentration can overcome the problem regarding inaccessibility of insoluble substrates.
2 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper , the response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for process optimization to increase the yield of ricinoleic acid and decrease the oil loss, which microorganisms utilizes in biomass production.
Abstract: Ricinoleic acid is a biobased green chemical industrially produced from castor oil. Microbial conversion is a cleaner and greener approach to ricinoleic acid production from castor oil. These processes should be further optimized for a better yield of the product. Aspergillus flavus BU22S was used to convert castor oil into ricinoleic acid. The strain was isolated and identified by molecular biological techniques. It was found to be effective in the biotransformation of castor oil. The ricinoleic acid production and dry cell weight of the fungus were studied as functions of time. In this study, to increase the yield of ricinoleic acid and decrease the oil loss, which microorganisms utilizes in biomass production, response surface methodology (RSM) has been used for process optimization. The central composite design was used to optimize the predictor variables such as oil concentration (% w/v), glucose concentration (% w/v), and calcium chloride concentration (% w/v) to increase the overall yield of ricinoleic acid. A quadratic model was found to be the best fit to predict the responses of the experimental results. The model suggested that the concentrations of oil, glucose, and calcium chloride should be lower in order to increase the ricinoleic acid yield and minimize the oil loss. The bench scale studies of optimized conditions from RSM were also conducted. The yield of ricinoleic acid in batch and fed-batch culture studies was also compared. The yield of the ricinoleic acid in batch culture was 21.67 g/kg of total oil. The yield of ricinoleic acid in fed-batch culture in the absence of an external air supply was 46.77 g/kg of total oil. In this case, the oil loss was also reduced to only 12%.
References
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TL;DR: The production, recovery, and use of microbial lipases are discussed; issues of enzyme kinetics, thermostability, and bioactivity are addressed; and production of recombinant lipases is detailed.
Abstract: Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) catalyze the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters formed from glycerol and long-chain fatty acids. Lipases occur widely in nature, but only microbial lipases are commercially significant. The many applications of lipases include speciality organic syntheses, hydrolysis of fats and oils, modification of fats, flavor enhancement in food processing, resolution of racemic mixtures, and chemical analyses. This article discusses the production, recovery, and use of microbial lipases. Issues of enzyme kinetics, thermostability, and bioactivity are addressed. Production of recombinant lipases is detailed. Immobilized preparations of lipases are discussed. In view of the increasing understanding of lipases and their many applications in high-value syntheses and as bulk enzymes, these enzymes are having an increasing impact on bioprocessing.
1,371 citations
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TL;DR: An awareness of the various uses of the oil can be used to make a strong case for an increase in its production as a vital raw material for the chemical industries.
Abstract: Even though castor oil is inedible, it has long been an article of commerce. This is, in large measure, due to the versatility of the oil. This article discusses the extraction of castor oil and its refining methods and reviews the industrial applications of the oil. Since castor oil is not edible, it could be substituted in many industrial application areas where edible oils are used. An awareness of the various uses of the oil can be used to make a strong case for an increase in its production as a vital raw material for the chemical industries.
821 citations
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TL;DR: The presented characterization of the interfacial composition and its consequences provide a new approach for the understanding of lipase reactions at interfaces with direct impact on biotechnological and health care applications.
Abstract: Lipases are acyl hydrolases that play a key role in fat digestion by cleaving long-chain triglycerides into polar lipids Due to an opposite polarity between the enzyme (hydrophilic) and their substrates (lipophilic), lipase reaction occurs at the interface between the aqueous and the oil phases Hence, interfaces are the key spots for lipase biocatalysis and an appropriate site for modulating lipolysis Surprisingly enough, knowledge about the effects of the interfacial composition on lipase catalysis is still limited and only described by the term "interfacial quality" Recent systematic studies based on a biophysical approach allowed for the first time to show the effects of the interfacial microenvironment on lipase catalysis These studies demonstrate that lipase activity as a function of interfacial composition is more attributed to substrate inaccessibility rather than to enzyme denaturation or inactivation, as it is often hypothesized A detailed analysis of the interfacial properties of all compounds involved in triglyceride digestion revealed that lipolysis is a self-regulated reaction This feedback mechanism can be explored as a new avenue to control lipase catalysis To substantiate this hypothesis, oil hydrolysis in a model gastro-intestinal system was performed, which can be seen as an interfacial engineering approach to enzyme reactivity control The presented characterization of the interfacial composition and its consequences provide a new approach for the understanding of lipase reactions at interfaces with direct impact on biotechnological and health care applications
581 citations
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179 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a computer aided response surface modeling, optimization and analysis of the age and size of the two-stage inocula was carried out in batch reactor studies and the optimal values were obtained including primary inoculum age and density = 56h and 5.5h, respectively.
Abstract: The inoculum age and density markedly influence the productivity and economics of bioprocesses. Some literature reports demonstrated the use of two-stage inocula for the production of surfactin. However, no systematic studies to elucidate the individual, cumulative and interactive effects of the important twin parameters, inoculum age and size on surfactin production, have been reported. Thus, a computer aided response surface modeling, optimization and analysis of the age and size of the two-stage inocula was carried out in batch reactor studies. The optimal values thus, obtained include primary inoculum age and size = 56 h and 5.5% (v/v), secondary inoculum age and size = 4.5 h and 9.5% (v/v), respectively. At the above optimal conditions, the model predicts a maximum relative surfactin concentration of 58–59 CMC −1 , mainly due to a strong interaction between primary inoculum size and secondary inoculum age. The experimental verifications substantiated the model predictions by showing a maximum relative surfactin concentration of 58 CMC −1 , which was found to be equivalent to about 1.3 g L −1 crude surfactin as estimated gravimetrically, thereby resulting in an improved production.
173 citations
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