Survey of media access control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks
TL;DR: The authors present a survey of V2V MAC methods (including various VANet standards) that have been proposed for VANETs over the last few years and some innovative solutions that can be developed to address these challenges are proposed.
Abstract: Recent advances in various wireless communication technologies and the emergence of computationally rich vehicles are pushing vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) research to the forefront in academia and industry. A lot of research results have been published in various areas (such as routing, broadcasting, security and others) of VANET in the last decade covering both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. One specific area of VANET that still faces significant challenges is the design of reliable and robust media access control (MAC) protocols for V2V communications. The authors present a survey of V2V MAC methods (including various VANET standards) that have been proposed for VANETs over the last few years. The authors also focus on the benefits and limitations of the proposed MAC techniques as well as their ease of implementation in practice and future deployment. In addition some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the implementation of highly efficient and high performance MAC protocols for V2V communications are discussed. Finally, some innovative solutions that can be developed to address these challenges are proposed.
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TL;DR: A comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs, which integrates cellular networks with dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) and major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVsNETs are studied and discussed.
Abstract: With the rapid development of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), vehicular communication networks have been widely studied in recent years. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) can provide efficient real-time information exchange among vehicles without the need of pervasive roadside communication infrastructure. Although mobile cellular networks are capable of providing wide coverage for vehicular users, the requirements of services that require stringent real-time safety cannot always be guaranteed by cellular networks. Therefore, the Heterogeneous Vehicular NETwork (HetVNET), which integrates cellular networks with DSRC, is a potential solution for meeting the communication requirements of the ITS. Although there are a plethora of reported studies on either DSRC or cellular networks, joint research of these two areas is still at its infancy. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs. Firstly, the requirements and use cases of safety and non-safety services are summarized and compared. Consequently, a HetVNET framework that utilizes a variety of wireless networking techniques is presented, followed by the descriptions of various applications for some typical scenarios. Building such HetVNETs requires a deep understanding of heterogeneity and its associated challenges. Thus, major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVNETs are studied and discussed in detail. Finally, we outline open issues that help to identify new research directions in HetVNETs.
494 citations
Additional excerpts
...well-known problem, caused by excessive retransmissions [7]....
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TL;DR: This work discusses how sensor technology can be integrated with the transportation infrastructure to achieve a sustainable Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and how safety, traffic control and infotainment applications can benefit from multiple sensors deployed in different elements of an ITS.
Abstract: Modern society faces serious problems with transportation systems, including but not limited to traffic congestion, safety, and pollution. Information communication technologies have gained increasing attention and importance in modern transportation systems. Automotive manufacturers are developing in-vehicle sensors and their applications in different areas including safety, traffic management, and infotainment. Government institutions are implementing roadside infrastructures such as cameras and sensors to collect data about environmental and traffic conditions. By seamlessly integrating vehicles and sensing devices, their sensing and communication capabilities can be leveraged to achieve smart and intelligent transportation systems. We discuss how sensor technology can be integrated with the transportation infrastructure to achieve a sustainable Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and how safety, traffic control and infotainment applications can benefit from multiple sensors deployed in different elements of an ITS. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges that need to be addressed to enable a fully operational and cooperative ITS environment.
355 citations
TL;DR: For the first time, a feasibility study of D2D for ITS is carried out based on both the features of D1D and the nature of vehicular networks to demonstrate the promising potential of this technology and propose novel remedies necessary to make D 2D technology practical as well as beneficial for ITS.
Abstract: Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are becoming a crucial component of our society, whereas reliable and efficient vehicular communications consist of a key enabler of a well-functioning ITS. To meet a wide variety of ITS application needs, vehicular-to-vehicular and vehicular-to-infrastructure communications have to be jointly considered, configured, and optimized. The effective and efficient coexistence and cooperation of the two give rise to a dynamic spectrum management problem. One recently emerged and rapidly adopted solution of a similar problem in cellular networks is the so-termed device-to-device (D2D) communications. Its potential in the vehicular scenarios with unique challenges, however, has not been thoroughly investigated to date. In this paper, we for the first time carry out a feasibility study of D2D for ITS based on both the features of D2D and the nature of vehicular networks. In addition to demonstrating the promising potential of this technology, we will also propose novel remedies necessary to make D2D technology practical as well as beneficial for ITS.
340 citations
Cites background from "Survey of media access control prot..."
...On the other hand, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications are viewed by many researchers as the traditional protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and the most viable approach to short-range vehicular networks [8], [9]....
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TL;DR: Key 5G building blocks (i.e., proximity services, mobile edge computing and network slicing) are explored in the context of vehicular communications, and associated design challenges are highlighted.
Abstract: 5G is ongoing, and it is an emerging platform that not only aims to augment existing but also introduce a plethora of novel applications that require ultra-reliable low-latency communication. It is a new radio access technology that provides building blocks to retrofit existing platforms (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, and WiFi) for greater coverage, accessibility, and higher network density with respect to cells and devices. It implies that 5G aims to satisfy a diverse set of communication requirements of the various stakeholders. Among the stakeholders, vehicles, in particular, will benefit from 5G at both the system and application levels. The authors present a tutorial perspective on vehicular communications using the building blocks provided by 5G. First, we identify and describe key requirements of emerging vehicular communications and assess existing standards to determine their limitations. Then we provide a glimpse of the adopted 5G architecture and identify some of its promising salient features for vehicular communications. Finally, key 5G building blocks (i.e., proximity services, mobile edge computing and network slicing) are explored in the context of vehicular communications, and associated design challenges are highlighted.
291 citations
Cites background from "Survey of media access control prot..."
...[10] M....
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...Research Challenges: Interference at Lower Altitudes: An essential service for vehicles is to discover and communicate with their neighbors frequently [10]....
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TL;DR: A novel topology-based classification is presented, and an overview of TDMA-based MAC protocols that have been proposed for VANETs are provided, focusing on the characteristics of these protocols, as well as on their benefits and limitations.
Abstract: Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted a lot of attention in the research community in recent years due to their promising applications. VANETs help improve traffic safety and efficiency. Each vehicle can exchange information to inform other vehicles about the current status of the traffic flow or a dangerous situation such as an accident. Road safety and traffic management applications require a reliable communication scheme with minimal transmission collisions, which thus increase the need for an efficient medium access control (MAC) protocol. However, the design of the MAC in a vehicular network is a challenging task due to the high speed of the nodes, the frequent changes in topology, the lack of an infrastructure, and various QoS requirements. Recently, several time-division multiple-access (TDMA)-based MAC protocols have been proposed for VANETs in an attempt to ensure that all the vehicles have enough time to send safety messages without collisions and to reduce the end-to-end delay and the packet loss ratio. In this paper, we identify the reasons for using the collision-free MAC paradigm in VANETs. We then present a novel topology-based classification, and we provide an overview of TDMA-based MAC protocols that have been proposed for VANETs. We focus on the characteristics of these protocols, as well as on their benefits and limitations. Finally, we give a qualitative comparison, and we discuss some open issues that need to be tackled in future studies in order to improve the performance of TDMA-based MAC protocols for vehicle-to-vehicle communications.
260 citations
Cites background or methods from "Survey of media access control prot..."
...These protocols have already been analyzed in previous survey papers [13], [14]....
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...in [13] provided an overview of many V2V MAC protocols including various VANET standards that were proposed for VANETs in 2009 and 2010....
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References
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11 May 2008
TL;DR: An overview of the latest draft proposed for IEEE 802.11p, named wireless access in vehicular environment, also known as WAVE, is provided to provide an insight into the reasoning and approaches behind the document.
Abstract: Vehicular environments impose a set of new requirements on today's wireless communication systems. Vehicular safety communications applications cannot tolerate long connection establishment delays before being enabled to communicate with other vehicles encountered on the road. Similarly, non-safety applications also demand efficient connection setup with roadside stations providing services (e.g. digital map update) because of the limited time it takes for a car to drive through the coverage area. Additionally, the rapidly moving vehicles and complex roadway environment present challenges at the PHY level. The IEEE 802.11 standard body is currently working on a new amendment, IEEE 802.1 lp, to address these concerns. This document is named wireless access in vehicular environment, also known as WAVE. As of writing, the draft document for IEEE 802.11p is making progress and moving closer towards acceptance by the general IEEE 802.11 working group. It is projected to pass letter ballot in the first half of 2008. This paper provides an overview of the latest draft proposed for IEEE 802.11p. It is intended to provide an insight into the reasoning and approaches behind the document.
1,240 citations
TL;DR: Some of the VANET research challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the ubiquitous deployment and widespead adoption of scalable, reliable, robust, and secure VANet architectures, protocols, technologies, and services are outlined.
Abstract: Recent advances in hardware, software, and communication technologies are enabling the design and implementation of a whole range of different types of networks that are being deployed in various environments. One such network that has received a lot of interest in the last couple of years is the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET). VANET has become an active area of research, standardization, and development because it has tremendous potential to improve vehicle and road safety, traffic efficiency, and convenience as well as comfort to both drivers and passengers. Recent research efforts have placed a strong emphasis on novel VANET design architectures and implementations. A lot of VANET research work have focused on specific areas including routing, broadcasting, Quality of Service (QoS), and security. We survey some of the recent research results in these areas. We present a review of wireless access standards for VANETs, and describe some of the recent VANET trials and deployments in the US, Japan, and the European Union. In addition, we also briefly present some of the simulators currently available to VANET researchers for VANET simulations and we assess their benefits and limitations. Finally, we outline some of the VANET research challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the ubiquitous deployment and widespead adoption of scalable, reliable, robust, and secure VANET architectures, protocols, technologies, and services.
1,132 citations
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art approaches, solutions, and technologies across a broad range of projects for vehicular communication systems are surveyed.
Abstract: Numerous technologies have been deployed to assist and manage transportation. But recent concerted efforts in academia and industry point to a paradigm shift in intelligent transportation systems. Vehicles will carry computing and communication platforms, and will have enhanced sensing capabilities. They will enable new versatile systems that enhance transportation safety and efficiency and will provide infotainment. This article surveys the state-of-the-art approaches, solutions, and technologies across a broad range of projects for vehicular communication systems.
893 citations
TL;DR: This short paper shows how position-based routing can be aplied to a city scenario without assuming that nodes have access to a static street map and without using source routing.
Abstract: Position-based routing, as it is used by protocols like Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) [5], is very well suited for highly dynamic environments such as inter-vehicle communication on highways. However, it has been discussed that radio obstacles [4], as they are found in urban areas, have a significant negative impact on the performance of position-based routing. In prior work [6] we presented a position-based approach which alleviates this problem and is able to find robust routes within city environments. It is related to the idea of position-based source routing as proposed in [1] for terminode routing. The algorithm needs global knowledge of the city topology as it is provided by a static street map. Given this information the sender determines the junctions that have to be traversed by the packet using the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Forwarding between junctions is then done in a position-based fashion. In this short paper we show how position-based routing can be aplied to a city scenario without assuming that nodes have access to a static street map and without using source routing.
767 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: This chapter discusses VANET Convenience and Efficiency Applications, as well as a Design Framework for Realistic Vehicular Mobility Models, and the challenges of Data Security in Vehicular Networks.
Abstract: Foreword. About the Editors. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction (Hannes Hartenstein and Kenneth P. Laberteaux). 1.1 Basic Principles and Challenges. 1.2 Past and Ongoing VANET Activities. 1.3 Chapter Outlines. 1.4 References. 2 Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications (Derek Caveney). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Enabling Technologies. 2.3 Cooperative System Architecture. 2.4 Mapping for Safety Applications. 2.5 VANET-enabled Active Safety Applications. 2.6 References. 3 Information Dissemination in VANETs (Christian Lochert, Bjorn Scheuermann and Martin Mauve). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Obtaining Local Measurements. 3.3 Information Transport. 3.4 Summarizing Measurements. 3.5 Geographical Data Aggregation. 3.6 Conclusion. 3.7 References. 4 VANET Convenience and Efficiency Applications (Martin Mauve and Bjorn Scheruermann). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Limitations. 4.3 Applications. 4.4 Communication Paradigms. 4.5 Probabilistic, Area-based Aggregation. 4.6 Travel Time Aggregation. 4.7 Conclusion. 4.8 References. 5 Vehicular Mobility Modeling for VANETs (Jerome Harri). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Notation Description. 5.3 Random Models. 5.4 Flow Models. 5.5 Traffic Models. 5.6 Behavioral Models. 5.7 Trace or Survey-based Models. 5.8 Integration with Network Simulators. 5.9 A Design Framework for Realistic Vehicular Mobility Models. 5.10 Discussion and Outlook. 5.11 Conclusion. 5.12 References. 6 Physical Layer Considerations for Vehicular Communications (Ian Tan and Ahmad Bahai). 6.1 Standards Overview. 6.2 Previous Work. 6.3 Wireless Propagation Theory. 6.4 Channel Metrics. 6.5 Measurement Theory. 6.6 Emperical Channel Characterization at 5.9 GHz. 6.7 Future Directions. 6.8 Conclusion. 6.9 Appendix: Deterministic Multipath Channel Derivations. 6.10 Appendix: LTV Channel Response. 6.11 Appendix: Measurement Theory Details. 6.12 References. 7 MAC Layer and Scalability Aspects of Vehicular Communication Networks (Jens Mittag, Felix Schmidt-Eisenlohr, Moritz Killat, Marc Torrent-Moreno and Hannes Hartenstein). 7.1 Introduction: Challenges and Requirements. 7.2 A Survey on Proposed MAC Approaches for VANETs. 7.3 Communication Based on IEEE 802.11p. 7.4 Performance Evaluation and Modeling. 7.5 Aspects of Congestion Control. 7.6 Open Issues and Outlook. 7.7 References. 8 Efficient Application Level Message Coding and Composition (Craig L Robinson). 8.1 Introduction to the Application Environment. 8.2 Message Dispatcher. 8.3 Example Applications. 8.4 Data Sets. 8.5 Predictive Coding. 8.6 Architecture Analysis. 8.7 Conclusion. 8.8 References. 9 Data Security in Vehicular Communication Networks (AndreWeimerskirch, Jason J Haas, Yih-Chun Hu and Kenneth P Laberteaux). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Challenges of Data Security in Vehicular Networks. 9.3 Network, Applications, and Adversarial Model. 9.4 Security Infrastructure. 9.5 Cryptographic Protocols. 9.6 Privacy Protection Mechanisms. 9.7 Implementation Aspects. 9.8 Outlook and Conclusions. 9.9 References. 10 Standards and Regulations (John B Kenney). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Layered Architecture for VANETs. 10.3 DSRC Regulations. 10.4 DSRC Physical Layer Standard. 10.5 DSRC Data Link Layer Standard (MAC and LLC). 10.6 DSRC Middle Layers. 10.7 DSRC Message Sublayer. 10.8 Summary. 10.9 Abbreviations and Acronyms. 10.10 References. Index.
702 citations