Sustainability Assessment of Cements and Concretes in the Indian Context: Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials
01 Jan 2016-
About: The article was published on 2016-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 5 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cementitious & Context (language use).
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TL;DR: A review of the literature available on the subject of the recently developed limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) can be found in this article, where an introduction to the background leading to the development of LC3 is discussed.
Abstract: This article reviews the rapidly developing state-of-the-art literature available on the subject of the recently developed limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). An introduction to the background leading to the development of LC3 is first discussed. The chemistry of LC3 hydration and its production are detailed. The influence of the properties of the raw materials and production conditions are discussed. The mixture design of concrete using LC3 and the mechanical and durability properties of LC3 cement and concrete are then compared with other cements. At the end the economic and environmental aspects of the production and use of LC3 are discussed. The paper ends with suggestions on subjects on which further research is required.
114 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a framework for sustainability assessment, in terms of the CO2 emissions and energy demand, that can be adopted in cases where suitable databases are not readily available.
Abstract: The consumption of cement in India and other emerging economies is expected to increase because of the continuing push towards development of housing and infrastructure. The increasing production of cement and utilization of concrete are bound to have a major impact on sustainability. The present work proposes a framework for sustainability assessment, in terms of the CO2 emissions and energy demand, that can be adopted in cases where suitable databases are not readily available. Case studies for cement manufacture have been considered in South India, with different system boundaries such as ground-to-gate, gate-to-gate and CSI. The assessment made using data from the plant and other sources highlights the benefits of using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in terms of reducing the impact of cement and concrete. More importantly, limestone calcined clay cement shows considerable promise in terms of reduction in CO2 emissions and energy demand in both cement and concrete, with more improvement in higher grade concrete.
74 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a decision support framework is proposed, along with two objective indices, for the selection of concrete mixture proportions based on sustainability criteria, which combine energy demand and long-term strength as energy intensity, and carbon emissions and durability parameters as A-indices.
Abstract: A framework is proposed, along with two objective indices, for the selection of concrete mixture proportions based on sustainability criteria. The indices combine energy demand and long-term strength as energy intensity, and carbon emissions and durability parameters as A-indices, which represent the apathy toward these essential features of sustainability. The decision support framework is demonstrated by considering a set of 30 concretes with different binders, including ordinary portland cement (OPC), fly ash, slag and limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). In addition to the experimental data on compressive strength, chloride diffusion and carbonation, life cycle assessment has been performed for the concretes considering typical situations in South India. The most sustainable of the concretes studied here, for service life limited by chloride ingress, are those with LC3, OPC replaced by 50% slag, and ternary blends with 20% each of slag and fly ash. In the case of applications where carbonation is critical, the appropriate concretes are those with OPC replaced by 15–30% slag or 15% fly ash, or with ternary blends having 20% slag and 20% Class F fly ash.
46 citations
30 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, a decade of research carried out at IIT Madras on cementitious systems has shown that the partial replacement of portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has benefits as well as limitations.
Abstract: About a decade of research carried out at IIT Madras on cementitious systems has shown that the partial replacement of portland cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) has benefits as well as limitations. The SCMs do not adversely affect the long-term compressive strength and drying shrinkage of concretes, though there may be some compromise in workability and the resistance against plastic shrinkage cracking. Through the assessment of the chloride ingress rate in concrete and chloride threshold of steel, it is evident that the use of SCMs could significantly enhance the service life under chloride attack, though there is a reduction of the carbonation resistance. More importantly, SCMs can lead to significant reduction of the carbon footprint of concrete, and hence, are essential to achieve sustainability.
10 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential reduction in the environmental impact due to the production of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), with respect to ordinary portland cement (OPC) and fly ash-based portland pozzolana cement (PPC), was investigated.
Abstract: Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been conducted to obtain the potential reduction in the environmental impact due to the production of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), with respect to ordinary portland cement (OPC) and fly ash-based portland pozzolana cement (PPC). A case study of a typical cement plant in South India is considered. It is found, for this particular case and the assumptions made, that the CO2 emissions and the energy demand could decrease by 34% and 18%, respectively, if LC3 is used instead of OPC, with the corresponding reductions being 26% and 21% for PPC. A parametric study of some key factors that could influence the impact of LC3 showed that the CO2 emissions and the energy demand could vary by 13% and 20%, respectively, with variations in the calcination energy requirement while the clay transportation distance did not have any significant influence.
2 citations