Sustained Reductions in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Era of Conjugate Vaccine
Tamara Pilishvili,Catherine Lexau,Monica M. Farley,Monica M. Farley,James L. Hadler,Lee H. Harrison,Nancy M. Bennett,Arthur Reingold,Ann Thomas,William Schaffner,Allen S. Craig,Philip J. Smith,Bernard Beall,Cynthia G. Whitney,Matthew R. Moore +14 more
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TLDR
Dramatic reductions in IPD after PCV7 introduction in the United States remain evident 7 years later, and IPD rates caused by serotype 19A and other non-PCV7 types have increased but remain low relative to decreases in PCV 7-type IPD.Abstract:
Background. Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence were evaluated after 7 years of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) use in US children. Methods. Laboratory-confirmed IPD cases were identified during 1998-2007 by 8 active population-based surveillance sites. We compared overall, age group-specific, syndrome-specific, and serotype group-specific IPD incidence in 2007 with that in 1998-1999 (before PCV7) and assessed potential serotype coverage of new conjugate vaccine formulations. Results. Overall and PCV7-type IPD incidence declined by 45% (from 24.4 to 13.5 cases per 100,000 population) and 94% (from 15.5 to 1.0 cases per 100,000 population), respectively (P<.01 for all age groups). The incidence of IPD caused by serotype 19A and other non-PCV7 types increased from 0.8 to 2.7 cases per 100,000 population and from 6.1 to 7.9 cases per 100,000 population, respectively (P<.01 for all age groups). The rates of meningitis and invasive pneumonia caused by non-PCV7 types increased for all age groups (P<.05), whereas the rates of primary bacteremia caused by these serotypes did not change. In 2006-2007, PCV7 types caused 2% of IPD cases, and the 6 additional serotypes included in an investigational 13-valent conjugate vaccine caused 63% of IPD cases among children <5 years-old. Conclusions. Dramatic reductions in IPD after PCV7 introduction in the United States remain evident 7 years later. IPD rates caused by serotype 19A and other non-PCV7 types have increased but remain low relative to decreases in PCV7-type IPD.read more
Citations
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Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. adults
Seema Jain,Derek J. Williams,Sandra R. Arnold,Krow Ampofo,Anna M. Bramley,Carrie Reed,Chris Stockmann,Evan J. Anderson,Carlos G. Grijalva,Wesley H. Self,Yuwei Zhu,Anami Patel,Weston Hymas,James D. Chappell,Robert A. Kaufman,J. Herman Kan,David Dansie,Noel Lenny,David R. Hillyard,Lia M. Haynes,Min Z. Levine,Stephen Lindstrom,Jonas M. Winchell,Jacqueline M. Katz,Dean D. Erdman,Eileen Schneider,Lauri A. Hicks,Richard G. Wunderink,Kathryn M. Edwards,Andrew T. Pavia,Jonathan A. McCullers,Lyn Finelli +31 more
TL;DR: The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization was highest among the oldest adults and despite current diagnostic tests, no pathogen was detected in the majority of patients.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
John S. Bradley,Carrie L. Byington,Samir S. Shah,Brian Alverson,Edward R. Carter,Christopher J. Harrison,Sheldon L. Kaplan,Sharon E. Mace,George H. McCracken,Matthew R. Moore,Shawn D. St. Peter,Jana A. Stockwell,Jack Swanson +12 more
TL;DR: Eidenced-based guidelines for management of infants and children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) were prepared by an expert panel comprising clinicians and investigators representing community pediatrics, public health, and the pediatric specialties of critical care, emergency medicine, hospital medicine, infectious diseases, pulmonology, and surgery.
Journal ArticleDOI
Serotype replacement in disease after pneumococcal vaccination
TL;DR: The magnitude of serotype replacement in disease can be attributed, in part, to a combination of lower invasiveness of the replacing serotypes, biases in the pre-vaccine carriage data (unmasking), and bias in the disease surveillance systems that could underestimate the true amount of replacement.
Journal ArticleDOI
Burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in the era of conjugate vaccines: global, regional, and national estimates for 2000–15
Brian Wahl,Katherine L. O'Brien,Adena Greenbaum,Anwesha Majumder,Li Liu,Yue Chu,Ivana Lukšić,Harish Nair,Harish Nair,David A. McAllister,Harry Campbell,Igor Rudan,Robert E. Black,Maria Deloria Knoll +13 more
TL;DR: Pneumococcal deaths declined by 51% and Hib deaths by 90% from 2000 to 2015 and progress towards further reducing the global burden of Hib and pneumococcal disease burden will depend on the efforts of a few large countries in Africa and Asia.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children on invasive pneumococcal disease in children and adults in the USA: Analysis of multisite, population-based surveillance
Matthew R. Moore,Ruth Link-Gelles,William Schaffner,Ruth Lynfield,Catherine Lexau,Nancy M. Bennett,Susan Petit,Shelley M. Zansky,Lee H. Harrison,Arthur Reingold,Lisa Miller,Karen Scherzinger,Ann Thomas,Monica M. Farley,Monica M. Farley,Elizabeth R. Zell,Thomas H. Taylor,Tracy Pondo,Loren Rodgers,Lesley McGee,Bernard Beall,James H. Jorgensen,Cynthia G. Whitney +22 more
TL;DR: PCV13 reduced IPD across all age groups when used routinely in children in the USA, providing reassurance that, similar to PCV7, PCVs with additional serotypes can also prevent transmission to unvaccinated populations.
References
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Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after the Introduction of Protein–Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine
Cynthia G. Whitney,Monica M. Farley,James L. Hadler,Lee H. Harrison,Nancy M. Bennett,Ruth Lynfield,Arthur Reingold,Paul R. Cieslak,Tamara Pilishvili,Delois Jackson,Richard R. Facklam,James H. Jorgensen,Anne Schuchat +12 more
TL;DR: The use of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is preventing disease in young children, for whom the vaccine is indicated, and may be reducing the rate of disease in adults.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moe H. Kyaw,Ruth Lynfield,William Schaffner,Allen S. Craig,James L. Hadler,Arthur Reingold,Ann Thomas,Lee H. Harrison,Nancy M. Bennett,Monica M. Farley,Monica M. Farley,Richard R. Facklam,James H. Jorgensen,John M. Besser,Elizabeth R. Zell,Anne Schuchat,Cynthia G. Whitney +16 more
TL;DR: The rate of antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal infections decreased in young children and older persons after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine, and there was an increase in infections caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine.
Journal ArticleDOI
Incidence of Pneumococcal Disease Due to Non-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Serotypes in the United States during the Era of Widespread PCV7 Vaccination, 1998–2004
Lauri A. Hicks,Lee H. Harrison,Brendan Flannery,James L. Hadler,William Schaffner,Allen S. Craig,Delois Jackson,Ann Thomas,Bernard Beall,Ruth Lynfield,Arthur Reingold,Monica M. Farley,Cynthia G. Whitney +12 more
TL;DR: The incidence of pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes is increasing and Ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor the magnitude of disease cause by non vaccines, to ensure that future vaccines target the appropriate serotypes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Active bacterial core surveillance of the emerging infections program network.
Anne Schuchat,Hilger T,Elizabeth R. Zell,Monica M. Farley,Arthur Reingold,Lee H. Harrison,Lewis Lefkowitz,Richard Danila,Karen Stefonek,Nancy L. Barrett,D. Morse,Robert W. Pinner +11 more
TL;DR: In 1998, early-onset group B streptococcal disease had declined by 65% over the previous 6 years, and 25% of invasive pneumococcal infections in ABCs areas were not susceptible to penicillin, and 13.3% were not susceptibility to three classes of antibiotics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections in the United States, 1995-1998: Opportunities for Prevention in the Conjugate Vaccine Era
Katherine Robinson,Wendy Baughman,G. Rothrock,Nancy L. Barrett,Margaret Pass,Catherine Lexau,Barbara Damaske,Karen Stefonek,Brenda Barnes,Jan E. Patterson,Elizabeth R. Zell,Anne Schuchat,Cynthia G. Whitney +12 more
TL;DR: Young children, elderly persons, and black persons of all ages are disproportionately affected by invasive pneumococcal disease, and current ACIP recommendations do not address a subset of persons aged 18 to 64 years but do include those at highest risk for death from invasive pneumonia.