Sustaining the Physical and Social Dimensions of Wilderness Tourism: The Perceptual Approach to Wilderness Management in New Zealand
TL;DR: The dynamics of the tourism industry are well illustrated by the case of New Zealand's tourism development over the last decade as discussed by the authors, where tourists have demonstrated a preference for more independent and dispersed patterns of travel, including an increase in demand for settings that offer subjective qualities of wilderness experience.
Abstract: The dynamics of the tourism industry are well illustrated by the case of New Zealand's tourism development over the last decade. The number of international tourists visiting New Zealand has doubled in the last ten years to approximately 1.5 million annual visitors. Associated with this growth has been a significant shift in patterns of tourist demand. No longer do most tourists simply comply with established tourist routes linking the high profile scenic attractions. Rather tourists have demonstrated a preference for more independent and dispersed patterns of travel, including an increase in demand for settings that offer subjective qualities of wilderness experience. This poses a complex but intriguing management challenge. If wilderness recreation involves pristine natural settings in the complete absence of facility development and visitor management, then these resources are more prone to degradation so than any other natural tourism resources. This paper suggests that an understanding of tourist per...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors chart the evolution of rural tourism in the developed world as an alternative tourism form, popular since the 1970s with the market and with policy makers as a rural regeneration and conservation tool.
Abstract: This paper charts the evolution of rural tourism in the developed world as an alternative tourism form, popular since the 1970s with the market and with policy makers as a rural regeneration and conservation tool. It outlines parallels with the Butler tourism area life cycle: emergence; volume growth, complexity and geographical spread; followed by problems arising from increasing competition, lack of governance and leadership, societal change and technical developments. Research responses to rural tourism's growth and change are examined, analysing 1848 articles published since 2000 by interrogating Scopus to reveal responses by subject category and geographic distribution. The papers in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism’s new rural tourism Special Issue are discussed, noting how researchers have explored the conversion of rural tourism from sightseeing to numerous experiential activities, together with papers discussing governance, leadership, networking, product development and marketing. The paper co...
236 citations
Cites background from "Sustaining the Physical and Social ..."
...There can be a cross-over from activities to adventure tourism, especially for those activities close to wilderness (Higham, 1998)....
[...]
TL;DR: A survey of tourist brochures for adventure tourism attractions in New Zealand reveals some of the particular characteristics of adventure which are being incorporated into commodity form for tourists as discussed by the authors, including place, spectacle, embodied experience and memory.
Abstract: This paper discusses the ways in which the commodification of adventure in tourism has increasingly become implicated in the production and consumption of tourist places. It examines the notion of adventure in tourism and the changing nature of commodification in postmodern and 'post-tourist' times. The rise of adventure tourism in New Zealand is used as an example of how adventure has been commodified. A survey of tourist brochures for adventure tourism attractions in New Zealand reveals some of the particular characteristics of adventure which are being incorporated into commodity form for tourists. These characteristics include place, spectacle, embodied experience and memory. Although aware of the limitations of using textual evidence from brochures, the paper concludes that Best's (1989) society of the commodity and the society of the spectacle are clearly significant in New Zealand. Sign exchange is also important in the commodification of adventure although it is concluded that places and practices...
149 citations
TL;DR: The behavior and perceptions of users of protected areas in Indonesia are affected by cognitive interpretations of nature as mentioned in this paper, while Westerners are influenced by historico-philosophical constructions of wilderness of a biocentric derivation and demonstrate behavior on a knowledge-seeking/active nexus, Indonesians and other Asians share more anthropocentric/recreational attitudes tempered with collectivist societal values.
86 citations
TL;DR: SAR incidents can be expensive and end with severe health consequences, and NPS management should develop education and preventive efforts focused on hikers, boaters, and swimmers who are males and aged 20 to 29 years, addressing issues of adequate judgment, preparation, and experience.
Abstract: Background National parks are popular travel destinations worldwide. Unfortunately, negative health experiences can and do occur during travel in national parks. This study investigated search and rescue (SAR) trends associated with recreational travel in US National Park Service (NPS) units.
Methods A retrospective study was conducted of the Annual US National Park Service Search and Rescue Report for the years 2003 to 2006.
Results From 2003 to 2006, there were 12,337 SAR operations involving 15,537 visitors. The total operational costs were US$16,552,053. The operations ended with 522 fatalities, 4,860 ill or injured visitors, and 2,855 saves. Almost half (40%) of the operations occurred on Saturday and Sunday, and visitors aged 20 to 29 years were involved in 23% of the incidents. Males accounted for 66.3% of the visitors requiring SAR assistance. Day hiking, motorized boating, swimming, overnight hiking, and nonmotorized boating were the participant activities resulting in the most SAR operations. The vast majority of visitors requiring SAR assistance were located within a 24-hour period, and the most common rescue environments were mountain areas between 1,524 and 4,572 m, lakes, rivers, oceans, and coastal areas. An error in judgment, fatigue and physical conditions, and insufficient equipment, clothing, and experience were the most common contributing factors.
Conclusions SAR incidents can be expensive and end with severe health consequences. NPS management should develop education and preventive efforts focused on hikers, boaters, and swimmers who are males and aged 20 to 29 years, addressing issues of adequate judgment, preparation, and experience.
53 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the findings of qualitative research of experienced and regular mountain bikers in New Zealand and the UK were presented, and a general inductive method was employed to condense findings into key themes and sub-themes and develop a conceptual framework that illustrates the most important participatory influences.
Abstract: A popular and accessible form of adventure recreation, mountain biking is enjoyed for a wide range of reasons, and different settings offer multifarious attributes that enable mountain bikers’ motivations to be satisfied This article outlines the findings of qualitative research of experienced and regular mountain bikers in New Zealand and the UK A general inductive method was employed to condense findings into key themes and sub‐themes, and to develop a conceptual framework that illustrates the most important participatory influences The findings suggest that push factors that motivate people to ride, site attributes and sources of information that pull participants to locations, and other socially oriented elements all need to be considered in order to fully comprehend the factors that influence people's participation in mountain biking The study found that the recent proliferation of mountain biking centres attracts riders with their increasingly sophisticated facilities and purpose‐built,
44 citations
References
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TL;DR: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.
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TL;DR: The authors bring together various techniques and principles required to conduct an effective survey project across many different fields, including computer aided research methods and statistical analysis.
Abstract: The authors bring together various techniques and principles required to conduct an effective survey project across many different fields, including computer aided research methods and statistical analysis. Aimed at the non expert. Second revised edition.
1,252 citations
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344 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors call for not merely economic and technical adjustments in policies, but for a fundamental political transformation in the conception of tourism and recreation, which could lead to the positive economic effects of tourism being outweighed by significant social and environmental disadvantages.
218 citations