Sympatric diversification as influenced by ecological opportunity and historical contingency in a young species lineage of whitefish

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Sympatric diversification as influenced by ecological opportunity and historical contingency in a young species lineage of whitefish

Journal Article•

Sympatric diversification as influenced by ecological opportunity and historical contingency in a young species lineage of whitefish

Anna Siwertsson¹, Rune Knudsen, Kimmo K. Kahilainen, Kim Præbel, Raul Primicerio, Per-Arne Amundsen - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

University of Tromsø¹

01 Jan 2010-Evolutionary Ecology Research (Evolutionary Ecology)-Vol. 12, Iss: 8, pp 929-947

TL;DR: This article is part of Anna Siwertsons' doctoral thesis, which aims to clarify the role of language in education and how it can be used to improve the quality of life for children with learning disabilities.

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Abstract: This article is part of Anna Siwertsons' doctoral thesis. Available in Munin at http://hdl.handle.net/10037/4566

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Journal Article•DOI•

The Theory of Island Biogeography

[...]

Jeff Swinebroad, Robert H. MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson

01 Oct 1969-Journal of Wildlife Management

TL;DR: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols used xiii 1.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

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14,171 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Ecological speciation in postglacial European whitefish: rapid adaptive radiations into the littoral, pelagic, and profundal lake habitats

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Kim Præbel¹, Rune Knudsen¹, Anna Siwertsson¹, Markku Karhunen², Kimmo K. Kahilainen², Otso Ovaskainen², Kjartan Østbye³, Kjartan Østbye⁴, Stefano Peruzzi¹, Svein-Erik Fevolden¹, Per-Arne Amundsen¹ - Show less +7 more•Institutions (4)

University of Tromsø¹, University of Helsinki², University of Oslo³, Hedmark University College⁴

01 Dec 2013-Ecology and Evolution

TL;DR: The analyses strongly suggested that the trophic adaptive trait, number of gill rakers, was under diversifying selection in the different whitefish morphs, supporting a complex evolutionary scenario where ecological speciation acts, but where both allopatric and sympatric processes are involved.

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Abstract: Understanding how a monophyletic lineage of a species diverges into several adaptive forms has received increased attention in recent years, but the underlying mechanisms in this process are still under debate. Postglacial fishes are excellent model organisms for exploring this process, especially the initial stages of ecological speciation, as postglacial lakes represent replicated discrete environments with variation in available niches. Here, we combine data of niche utilization, trophic morphology, and 17 microsatellite loci to investigate the diversification process of three sympatric European whitefish morphs from three northern Fennoscandian lakes. The morphological divergence in the gill raker number among the whitefish morphs was related to the utilization of different trophic niches and was associated with reproductive isolation within and across lakes. The intralacustrine comparison of whitefish morphs showed that these systems represent two levels of adaptive divergence: (1) a consistent littoral–pelagic resource axis; and (2) a more variable littoral–profundal resource axis. The results also indicate that the profundal whitefish morph has diverged repeatedly from the ancestral littoral whitefish morph in sympatry in two different watercourses. In contrast, all the analyses performed revealed clustering of the pelagic whitefish morphs across lakes suggesting parallel postglacial immigration with the littoral whitefish morph into each lake. Finally, the analyses strongly suggested that the trophic adaptive trait, number of gill rakers, was under diversifying selection in the different whitefish morphs. Together, the results support a complex evolutionary scenario where ecological speciation acts, but where both allopatric (colonization history) and sympatric (within watercourse divergence) processes are involved.

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122 citations

Cites background or result from "Sympatric diversification as influe..."

...This whitefish morph has not been identified in other large watercourses within the region per se (but see: Siwertsson et al. 2010)....
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...However, whether the gill raker trait in natural populations of European whitefish is subjected to divergent natural selection, as hypothesized in several recent ecological studies (e.g., Østbye et al. 2005b; Harrod et al. 2010; Siwertsson et al. 2010) has yet to be illuminated in more detail....
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...LSR whitefish are larger in size with silvery sides, dark back, and fins, and robust gill rakers with intermediate length and spacing, whereas the DR whitefish is usually smaller sized, darker colored than LSR whitefish, has pointed head shape and has the largest number of long, thin, and densely packed gill rakers (Harrod et al. 2010; Siwertsson et al. 2010)....
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...In northern Fennoscandia, whitefish have diverged into distinct morphs adapted to the three principal habitats, such as the littoral, pelagic, and profundal (Kahilainen and Østbye 2006; Harrod et al. 2010; Siwertsson et al. 2010)....
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...However, whether the gill raker trait in natural populations of European whitefish is subjected to divergent natural selection, as hypothesized in several recent ecological studies (e.g., Østbye et al. 2005b; Harrod et al. 2010; Siwertsson et al. 2010) has yet to be illuminated in more detail....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A way forward with eco evo devo: an extended theory of resource polymorphism with postglacial fishes as model systems

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Skúli Skúlason¹, Kevin J. Parsons², Richard Svanbäck³, Katja Räsänen⁴, Moira M. Ferguson⁵, Colin E. Adams², Per-Arne Amundsen⁶, Pia Bartels⁷, Colin W. Bean⁸, Janette W. Boughman⁹, Göran Englund⁷, Jóhannes Guðbrandsson¹⁰, Oliver E. Hooker, Alan G. Hudson⁷, Kimmo K. Kahilainen, Rune Knudsen⁶, Bjarni K. Kristjánsson, Camille A‐L. Leblanc, Zophonías O. Jónsson¹⁰, Gunnar Öhlund⁷, Carl Smith¹¹, Sigurður S. Snorrason¹⁰ - Show less +18 more•Institutions (11)

American Museum of Natural History¹, University of Glasgow², Science for Life Laboratory³, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology⁴, University of Guelph⁵, University of Tromsø⁶, Umeå University⁷, Scottish Natural Heritage⁸, Michigan State University⁹, University of Iceland¹⁰, University of St Andrews¹¹

19 Jun 2019-Biological Reviews

TL;DR: It is argued that an integrated view, which merges ecology, evolution and developmental biology (eco evo devo) on an equal footing, is needed to understand the multifaceted role of the environment in simultaneously determining the development of the phenotype and the nature of the selective environment, and how organisms in turn affect the environment through eco evo and eco devo feedbacks.

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Abstract: A major goal of evolutionary science is to understand how biological diversity is generated and altered. Despite considerable advances, we still have limited insight into how phenotypic variation a ...

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81 citations

Cites background from "Sympatric diversification as influe..."

...This is important because resource-driven divergence can depend on prey community structure (Hirsch, Eklöv, & Svanbäck, 2013b), primary production (Siwertsson et al., 2010; Woods et al., 2012b) and the visual environment (Bartels et al....
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...MacColl, 2011), they show that a range of biotic and abiotic agents of selection (and their interactions) are associated with phenotypic divergence (Robinson & Wilson, 1994; Smith & Skúlason, 1996; Robinson & Schluter, 2000; Knudsen, Amundsen, & Klemetsen, 2003; Siwertsson et al., 2010; Bartels et al., 2012; Keller & Seehausen, 2012; Woods et al., 2012a; Franklin et al., 2018)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The most variable vertebrate on Earth

[...]

Anders Klemetsen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Tromsø¹

28 Dec 2013-Journal of Ichthyology

TL;DR: It is proposed that arctic charr, which is also the northernmost fish on Earth, has evolved its unique variability in range, size, phenotype, ecology and life history by adapting to the extreme and highly unpredictable ecological conditions of arctic and other northern lakes for many glacial periods.

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Abstract: In the search for the most variable non-human vertebrate on Earth, intraspecific variation of ten variable traits was compared among ten highly variable species. Mammals, birds and many reptiles, amphibians and fishes were excluded because most of the variation is among, and not within species. The focus was on northern fishes, where high intraspecific variation is well documented. The ten selected species were European whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, chinook salmon Oncorhyncus tshawytscha, sockeye salmon O. nerka, rainbow trout O. mykiss, atlantic salmon Salmo salar, brown trout S. trutta, arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus, brook charr S. fontinalis, dolly varden charr S. malma and threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. Variation included not only size and phenotype, but also ecology, behaviour and life history. The traits were geographic range, migration, habitat, adult size, colour, body form, polymorphism, diet, reproduction and genetics. Arctic charr came on top in the final ranking, followed by dolly varden charr and rainbow trout. The two least variable were chinook salmon and threespine stickleback. It is proposed that arctic charr, which is also the northernmost fish on Earth, has evolved its unique variability in range, size, phenotype, ecology and life history by adapting to the extreme and highly unpredictable ecological conditions of arctic and other northern lakes for many glacial periods.

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79 citations

Cites background from "Sympatric diversification as influe..."

...Three morphs of whitefish are found in some Finnish and Norwegian lakes (Siwertsson et al., 2010) and one case is known in brown trout from Ireland (Ferguson and Taggart, 1991)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Morphological divergence between three Arctic charr morphs - the significance of the deep-water environment.

[...]

Sigrid Skoglund¹, Anna Siwertsson¹, Per-Arne Amundsen¹, Rune Knudsen¹•Institutions (1)

University of Tromsø¹

14 Jul 2015-Ecology and Evolution

TL;DR: The development of morphological differences within the same deep-water habitat for the PB- and PP-morphs highlights the potential of biotic factors and ecological interactions to promote further divergence in the evolution of polymorphism in a tentative incipient speciation process.

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Abstract: Morphological divergence was evident among three sympatric morphs of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) that are ecologically diverged along the shallow-, deep-water resource axis in a subarctic postglacial lake (Norway). The two deep-water (profundal) spawning morphs, a benthivore (PB-morph) and a piscivore (PP-morph), have evolved under identical abiotic conditions with constant low light and temperature levels in their deep-water habitat, and were morphologically most similar. However, they differed in important head traits (e.g., eye and mouth size) related to their different diet specializations. The small-sized PB-morph had a paedomorphic appearance with a blunt head shape, large eyes, and a deep body shape adapted to their profundal lifestyle feeding on submerged benthos from soft, deep-water sediments. The PP-morph had a robust head, large mouth with numerous teeth, and an elongated body shape strongly related to their piscivorous behavior. The littoral spawning omnivore morph (LO-morph) predominantly utilizes the shallow benthic-pelagic habitat and food resources. Compared to the deep-water morphs, the LO-morph had smaller head relative to body size. The LO-morph exhibited traits typical for both shallow-water benthic feeding (e.g., large body depths and small eyes) and planktivorous feeding in the pelagic habitat (e.g., streamlined body shape and small mouth). The development of morphological differences within the same deep-water habitat for the PB- and PP-morphs highlights the potential of biotic factors and ecological interactions to promote further divergence in the evolution of polymorphism in a tentative incipient speciation process. The diversity of deep-water charr in this study represents a novelty in the Arctic charr polymorphism as a truly deep-water piscivore morph has to our knowledge not been described elsewhere.

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57 citations

Cites background from "Sympatric diversification as influe..."

...2006; Klemetsen 2010) and European whitefish (Kahilainen and Østbye 2006; Siwertsson et al. 2010) from the same geographical region....
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...Large eyes are also typical for other profundal morphs of Arctic charr (Knudsen et al. 2006; Klemetsen 2010) and European whitefish (Kahilainen and Østbye 2006; Siwertsson et al. 2010) from the same geographical region....
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References

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Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

The Theory of Island Biogeography

[...]

Jeff Swinebroad, Robert H. MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson

01 Oct 1969-Journal of Wildlife Management

TL;DR: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols used xiii 1.

...read moreread less

14,171 citations

"Sympatric diversification as influe..." refers background in this paper

...Age is also a common predictor of species richness in island biogeography, where older islands have had more time to accumulate species both through colonization and within-island speciation (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Losos and Schluter, 2000)....
[...]
...Lake size is generally a good predictor of inter- and intraspecific fish diversity (Barbour and Brown, 1974; Tonn and Magnuson, 1982; Nosil and Reimchen, 2005), as expected from the widely applicable species–area relationship (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967; Lawton, 1999; Losos and Schluter, 2000)....
[...]

Book•

The Theory of Island Biogeography

[...]

Robert H. MacArthur, Edward O. Wilson

01 Jan 1967

TL;DR: The Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

...read moreread less

12,546 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Categorical Data Analysis

[...]

Alan Agresti

01 May 1991-Technometrics

TL;DR: In this article, categorical data analysis was used for categorical classification of categorical categorical datasets.Categorical Data Analysis, categorical Data analysis, CDA, CPDA, CDSA

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Abstract: categorical data analysis , categorical data analysis , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

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10,964 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Model-Based Clustering, Discriminant Analysis, and Density Estimation

[...]

Chris Fraley¹, Adrian E. Raftery¹•Institutions (1)

University of Washington¹

01 Jun 2002-Journal of the American Statistical Association

TL;DR: This work reviews a general methodology for model-based clustering that provides a principled statistical approach to important practical questions that arise in cluster analysis, such as how many clusters are there, which clustering method should be used, and how should outliers be handled.

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Abstract: Cluster analysis is the automated search for groups of related observations in a dataset. Most clustering done in practice is based largely on heuristic but intuitively reasonable procedures, and most clustering methods available in commercial software are also of this type. However, there is little systematic guidance associated with these methods for solving important practical questions that arise in cluster analysis, such as how many clusters are there, which clustering method should be used, and how should outliers be handled. We review a general methodology for model-based clustering that provides a principled statistical approach to these issues. We also show that this can be useful for other problems in multivariate analysis, such as discriminant analysis and multivariate density estimation. We give examples from medical diagnosis, minefield detection, cluster recovery from noisy data, and spatial density estimation. Finally, we mention limitations of the methodology and discuss recent development...

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4,123 citations

"Sympatric diversification as influe..." refers methods in this paper

...The best model was selected based on the Bayesian information criterion [BIC, analogous to Akaike’s information criterion (Fraley and Raftery, 2002)]....
[...]

Book•

The ecology of adaptive radiation

[...]

Dolph Schluter

01 Jan 2000

TL;DR: This chapter discusses the origins of ecological diversity and the ecological basis of speciation, as well as the progress of adaptive radiation and its role in ecology.

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Abstract: 1. The origins of ecological diversity 2. Detecting adaptive radiation 3. The progress of adaptive radiation 4. The ecological theory of adaptive radiation 5. Divergent natural selection between environments 6. Divergence and species interactions 7. Ecological opportunity speciation 8. The ecological basis of speciation 9. Divergence along genetic lines of least resistance 10. The ecology of adaptive radiation

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3,439 citations