Synthesis and structure-property relationships of a new family of layered carbides in Zr-Al(Si)-C and Hf-Al(Si)-C systems
TL;DR: The layered ternary and quaternary carbides have attracted increasing attentions due to their fascinating properties such as high specific stiffness, high strength and fracture toughness, refractory, machinability by electrical discharge method, thermal shock resistance, as well as high-temperature and ultra-high temperature oxidation resistance as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The layered ternary and quaternary carbides in Zr-Al(Si)-C and Hf-Al(Si)-C systems with general formulae of ( T C) n Al 3 C 2 , ( T C) n Al 4 C 3 and (TC) n [Al(Si)] 4 C 3 (where T = Zr or Hf, n = 1, 2, 3…) have attracted increasing attentions due to their fascinating properties such as high specific stiffness, high strength and fracture toughness, refractory, machinability by electrical discharge method, thermal shock resistance, as well as high-temperature and ultrahigh-temperature oxidation resistance. The combination of these properties makes them promising as structural components or coatings for high- and ultrahigh-temperature applications. In this review, the progresses on processing, and structure–property relationships of the novel layered carbides are comprehensively outlined. The crystal structure characteristics are introduced first. Then, methods for processing powders and bulk samples are summarized. The third section focuses on the multi-scale structure–property relationships. Finally, the potential applications and further trends in tailoring the properties and developing low cost processing methods are highlighted.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize the recent progress in the development of MXene with emphasis on the applications to electrochemical energy storage and discuss the future perspective and challenges of the MXene-based materials.
491 citations
03 Feb 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis and properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides have been summarized and highlighted in environment-related applications and challenges and perspectives for future research are also outlined.
Abstract: In recent years, a new large family of two dimensional transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides, so-called MXenes, have grabbed considerable attention, owing to their many fascinating physical and chemical properties that are closely related to the rich diversity of their elemental compositions and surface terminations. In particular, it is easy for MXenes to form composites with other materials such as polymers, oxides, and carbon nanotubes, which further provides an effective way to tune the properties of MXenes for various applications. Not only have MXenes and MXene-based composites come into prominence as electrode materials in the energy storage field as is widely known, but they have also shown great potential in environment-related applications including electro/photocatalytic water splitting, photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide, water purification and sensors, thanks to their high conductivity, reducibility and biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the synthesis and properties of MXenes and MXene-based composites and highlight their recent advances in environment-related applications. Challenges and perspectives for future research are also outlined.
432 citations
TL;DR: The obtained 2D Zr3C2T(z) exhibits relatively better ability to maintain 2D nature and strucural integrity compared to Ti-based Mxene and the difference in structural stability under high temperature condition is explained by a theoretical investigation on binding energy.
Abstract: The room-temperature synthesis of a new two-dimensional (2D) zirconium-containing carbide, Zr3C2Tz MXene is presented. In contrast to traditional preparation of MXene, the layered ternary Zr3Al3C5 material instead of MAX phases is used as source under hydrofluoric acid treatment. The structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of the synthesized 2D carbide are investigated, combined with first-principles density functional calculations. A comparative study on the structrual stability of our obtained 2D Zr3C2Tz and Ti3C2Tz MXenes at elevated temperatures is performed. The obtained 2D Zr3C2Tz exhibits relatively better ability to maintain 2D nature and strucural integrity compared to Ti-based Mxene. The difference in structural stability under high temperature condition is explained by a theoretical investigation on binding energy.
389 citations
TL;DR: The 2D transition metal carbides or nitrides, known as MXenes, are a new family of 2D materials with close to 30 members experimentally synthesized and dozens more theoretically investigated.
Abstract: 2D transition metal carbides or nitrides, known as MXenes, are a new family of 2D materials with close to 30 members experimentally synthesized and dozens more theoretically investigated. Because o...
353 citations
TL;DR: Hf3C2Tz MXenes with a 2D structure are candidate anode materials for metal-ion intercalation, especially for applications where size matter, and are determined to be flexible and conductive.
Abstract: We demonstrate fabrication of a two-dimensional Hf-containing MXene, Hf3C2Tz, by selective etching of a layered parent Hf3[Al(Si)]4C6 compound. A substitutional solution of Si on Al sites effectively weakened the interfacial adhesion between Hf–C and Al(Si)–C sublayers within the unit cell of the parent compound, facilitating the subsequent selective etching. The underlying mechanism of the Si-alloying-facilitated etching process is thoroughly studied by first-principles density functional calculations. The result showed that more valence electrons of Si than Al weaken the adhesive energy of the etching interface. The MXenes were determined to be flexible and conductive. Moreover, this 2D Hf-containing MXene material showed reversible volumetric capacities of 1567 and 504 mAh cm–3 for lithium and sodium ions batteries, respectively, at a current density of 200 mAg–1 after 200 cycles. Thus, Hf3C2Tz MXenes with a 2D structure are candidate anode materials for metal-ion intercalation, especially for applicat...
315 citations
References
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06 Nov 2008
TL;DR: A balanced mechanics-materials approach and coverage of the latest developments in biomaterials and electronic materials, the new edition of this popular text is the most thorough and modern book available for upper-level undergraduate courses on the mechanical behavior of materials as discussed by the authors.
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TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the Reuss and Voigt approximations can be used to estimate, accurately, the mean sound velocity of a crystal, which is proportioned to the Debye temperature.
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TL;DR: In this article, the crystal chemistry, synthesis, densification, microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and HfB2 ceramics are reviewed.
Abstract: This paper reviews the crystal chemistry, synthesis, densification, microstructure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behavior of zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and hafnium diboride (HfB2) ceramics. The refractory diborides exhibit partial or complete solid solution with other transition metal diborides, which allows compositional tailoring of properties such as thermal expansion coefficient and hardness. Carbothermal reduction is the typical synthesis route, but reactive processes, solution methods, and pre-ceramic polymers can also be used. Typically, diborides are densified by hot pressing, but recently solid state and liquid phase sintering routes have been developed. Fine-grained ZrB2 and HfB2 have strengths of a few hundred MPa, which can increase to over 1 GPa with the addition of SiC. Pure diborides exhibit parabolic oxidation kinetics at temperatures below 1100°C, but B2O3 volatility leads to rapid, linear oxidation kinetics above that temperature. The addition of silica scale formers such as SiC or MoSi2 improves the oxidation behavior above 1100°C. Based on their unique combination of properties, ZrB2 and HfB2 ceramics are candidates for use in the extreme environments associated with hypersonic flight, atmospheric re-entry, and rocket propulsion.
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TL;DR: Silicon nitride has been researched intensively, largely in response to the challenge to develop internal combustion engines with hot-zone components made entirely from ceramics as mentioned in this paper, but this research effort has succeeded in generating a degree of understanding of silicon nitride and of its processing and properties.
Abstract: Silicon nitride has been researched intensively, largely in response to the challenge to develop internal combustion engines with hot-zone components made entirely from ceramics. The ceramic engine programs have had only partial success, but this research effort has succeeded in generating a degree of understanding of silicon nitride and of its processing and properties, which in many respects is more advanced than of more widely used technical ceramics. This review examines from the historical standpoint the development of silicon nitride and of its processing into a range of high-grade ceramic materials. The development of understanding of microstructure–property relationships in the silicon nitride materials is also surveyed. Because silicon nitride has close relationships with the SiAlON group of materials, it is impossible to discuss the one without some reference to the other, and a brief mention of the development of the SiAlONs is included for completeness.
1,253 citations