Synthesis methods for nanosized hydroxyapatite with diverse structures.
TL;DR: This article is focused on nanosized HAp, although recent articles on microsized particles, especially those assembled from nanoparticles and/or nanocrystals, have been reviewed for comparison.
About: This article is published in Acta Biomaterialia.The article was published on 2013-08-01. It has received 1036 citations till now.
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TL;DR: This Review focuses on the analysis of new approaches and results in the field of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) obtained during recent years, emphasizing the chemical mechanisms that are responsible for rapid self-sustained combustion reactions.
Abstract: Solution combustion is an exciting phenomenon, which involves propagation of self-sustained exothermic reactions along an aqueous or sol–gel media. This process allows for the synthesis of a variety of nanoscale materials, including oxides, metals, alloys, and sulfides. This Review focuses on the analysis of new approaches and results in the field of solution combustion synthesis (SCS) obtained during recent years. Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactive solutions used in different chemical routes are considered, and the role of process parameters is discussed, emphasizing the chemical mechanisms that are responsible for rapid self-sustained combustion reactions. The basic principles for controlling the composition, structure, and nanostructure of SCS products, and routes to regulate the size and morphology of the nanoscale materials are also reviewed. Recently developed systems that lead to the formation of novel materials and unique structures (e.g., thin films and two-dimensional crystals) with unusual...
841 citations
TL;DR: A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs.
Abstract: Calcium phosphate (CaP) bioceramics are widely used in the field of bone regeneration, both in orthopedics and in dentistry, due to their good biocompatibility, osseointegration and osteoconduction. The aim of this article is to review the history, structure, properties and clinical applications of these materials, whether they are in the form of bone cements, paste, scaffolds, or coatings. Major analytical techniques for characterization of CaPs, in vitro and in vivo tests, and the requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and international standards from CaP coatings on orthopedic and dental endosseous implants, are also summarized, along with the possible effect of sterilization on these materials. CaP coating technologies are summarized, with a focus on electrochemical processes. Theories on the formation of transient precursor phases in biomineralization, the dissolution and reprecipitation as bone of CaPs are discussed. A wide variety of CaPs are presented, from the individual phases to nano-CaP, biphasic and triphasic CaP formulations, composite CaP coatings and cements, functionally graded materials (FGMs), and antibacterial CaPs. We conclude by foreseeing the future of CaPs.
664 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the tremendous improvements achieved in CaP materials research in the past 15 years, in particular in the field of biomineralization, as carrier for gene or ion delivery, as biologically active agent, and as bone graft substitute.
627 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes recent and very recent work on preparing substituted hydroxyapatites for a wide range of biomedical applications, including repairing and replacing diseased and damaged parts of musculoskeletal systems and also as a drug or gene delivery agent, as a bioactive coating on metallic osseous implants, biomagnetic particles and fluorescent markers.
567 citations
Cites methods from "Synthesis methods for nanosized hyd..."
...[7] and published in April 2013 in Acta Biomaterialia, presents procedures for preparing HA particles reported in recent years (1999–2011)....
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TL;DR: In this literature review the biologically inspired scaffolds, bone substitutes, implants characterized by mechanical strength and biocompatibility, as well the drug delivery systems, based on hydroxyapatite are discussed.
429 citations
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TL;DR: Examination of apatite formation on a material in SBF is useful for predicting the in vivo bone bioactivity of a material, and the number of animals used in and the duration of animal experiments can be reduced remarkably by using this method.
7,459 citations
TL;DR: From the experimental processes and the characterization of the crystals it was concluded that aging and precipitation kinetics are critical for the purity of the product and its crystallographic characteristics.
Abstract: For the synthesis of hydroxyapatite crystals from aqueous solutions three preparation methods were employed. From the experimental processes and the characterization of the crystals it was concluded that aging and precipitation kinetics are critical for the purity of the product and its crystallographic characteristics. The authentication details are presented along with the results from infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron photographs, and chemical analysis. Analytical data for several calcium phosphates were collected from the literature, extensively reviewed, and the results were grouped and presented in tables to provide comparison with the data obtained here.
1,425 citations
"Synthesis methods for nanosized hyd..." refers background in this paper
...Indeed, formation of HAp crystals through many other wet methods also proceeds via one or more intermediate phases having a transitory existence [59,134]....
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...Many factors are claimed to cause these drawbacks, including the high chemical affinity of HAp to some ions, the complex nature of the CaP crystals, hydrogen-b onded interactions among the HAp particles and the role of the kinetic parameters, which, depending on the experime ntal conditions, prevail over the thermod ynamic paramete rs [59,124]....
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...For example, the non-stoic hiometric feature may occur as a result of vacancies in the crystal lattice [125,126], the substitution of diverse ions such as carbonate, potassium and chloride [59,127] or the presence of additional phases [59,128], etc....
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TL;DR: This feature article looks afresh at nano-HAp particles, highlighting the importance of size, crystal morphology control, and composites with other inorganic particles for biomedical material development.
1,215 citations
"Synthesis methods for nanosized hyd..." refers background in this paper
...Seo and Lee [208] synthesized HAp whiskers by refluxing the aqueous slurry of commercial- grade HAp at 80 or 100 C for 24 h in the presence of ethylenedia mine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)....
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...It has been demonst rated that the mechanical propertie s can be significantly improved by fabricating HAp particles of complex shapes [8,69,76]....
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...More recently, Dorozhkin [49] and also Zhou and Lee [69] reviewed the preparation of HAp and its application to various biomaterials....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the role played by biological calcium phosphates in bone regeneration is presented, where the synthesis procedures to obtain in the laboratory calcium deficient carbonate nanoapatite both in bulk and thin film forms, as well as the characterization methods applied to these materials are described.
1,014 citations
"Synthesis methods for nanosized hyd..." refers background in this paper
...It has been demonst rated that the mechanical propertie s can be significantly improved by fabricating HAp particles of complex shapes [8,69,76]....
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...Indeed, as the biologica l HAps found in physiological hard tissues are nanoscopic plate-like or rod-like crystals that are a few nanometers in thickness and tens of nanometers in length, it is believed that nanosized HAp paralleling natural bone minerals is the best material to use for bone replacement and regeneration [8,46]....
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...which has a grain size less than 100 nm in at least one direction, has high surface activity and an ultrafine structure, similar to the mineral found in hard tissues [8]....
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...Therefore, in recent years, bioceramics and biocomposites based on nanosized HAp have been the most promising materials for a variety of biomedical applications [8,47,57,58]....
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TL;DR: This review aims to provide a link between the prior literature and the new literature, which might be useful to newcomers in the field, and demonstrate that there may be certain unifying principles found in biomineral systems that seem widely diverse, such as from diatoms, to mollusk shells, to vertebrate bones and teeth.
Abstract: Biologically-formed hard tissues, referred to as biominerals, have intrigued the materials engineering community for years because of the high degree of crystallographic control that is exerted during the precipitation of the bioinorganic crystals. In recent years, there has been a shift in attention, from prior studies that focused on specific organic-inorganic interactions that modulate the crystal morphology via the conventional crystallization pathway, to recent studies that find that many biominerals are formed via an amorphous precursor pathway. It has become clear that the things we thought we had learned about biominerals before, may or may not be relevant to truly understanding the mechanisms involved in biomineralization. Having witnessed this paradigm shift first hand, I am inclined to provide a review from this historical perspective, where I hope to belay some ideas about where we were, where we are, and where we are going, with respect to understanding how these shells and other biominerals are formed. Therefore, one goal of this review is to try and provide a link between the prior literature and the new literature, which might be useful to newcomers in the field, whom I suspect may find it confusing and difficult to integrate the findings in these different types of studies across this time period. A second goal is to try and integrate some of the knowledge obtained from in vitro model systems, which can be more amenable to obtaining mechanistic information, with the in vivo and ex vivo observational studies on biominerals. A third goal is to demonstrate that there may be certain unifying principles found in biomineral systems that seem widely diverse, such as from diatoms, to mollusk shells, to vertebrate bones and teeth. A final goal (the not so hidden agenda), is to demonstrate that not only is there as strong likelihood that many biominerals are formed by an amorphous precursor, but that the amorphous phase may possess fluidic properties that impart new processing capabilities to the system. Of course those who know my work will readily assess that I am referring to the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process, which has been a primary focus in my lab. Along these lines, some new hypotheses are presented regarding the morphogenesis of certain biominerals, such as mollusk nacre, kidney stones, and bones and teeth, along with a review of the literature that provides support to these new ideas. The intent is to stimulate thoughtful discussions in this rapidly emerging area, which seemingly provides a unifying principle in biomineralization.
1.1. Biomineral Overview
Biominerals that have intrigued the materials engineer for years. The diversity of biominerals became particularly evident by the variety of books on biominerals that emerged in the late 80’s to 90’s,1–11 which has continued with a few more recent additions to this nice collection.12–16 Many people are probably not even aware of the diversity of biologically formed minerals, so a sampling is provided in Table 1 to illustrate some of the different chemistries that evolved in the formation of various biological hard tissues. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biominerals of invertebrates, such as mollusk shells and sea urchin spines, have been particularly well studied due to their accessibility, and because of the high degree of crystallographic control that is achieved in these biologically formed crystals. The calcium phosphate (CaP) biominerals of the vertebrates, such as bones and teeth, have also been extensively investigated because of their remarkable structure and mechanical properties, and for the more obvious reasons of health related issues.14 Calcium oxalate (CaOx) biominerals can be found in plants, but the majority of studies have focused on the pathological form of CaOx that is found in kidney stones, which often occurs in conjunction with CaP deposits.8,14
Table 1
Examples of the diversity of biominerals. This list is by no means comprehensive, where some 70 different mineral phases have been identified to date.1–11
891 citations