Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control—a review

doi:10.1016/J.JECE.2013.09.017

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Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control—a review

Journal Article•DOI•

Synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control—a review

Norhusna Mohamad Nor¹, Lee Chung Lau¹, Keat Teong Lee¹, Abdul Rahman Mohamed¹•Institutions (1)

Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus¹

01 Dec 2013-Journal of environmental chemical engineering (Elsevier)-Vol. 1, Iss: 4, pp 658-666

TL;DR: In this article, a review compiles the work done by various researchers on synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control.

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Abstract: This review compiles the work done by various researchers on synthesis of activated carbon from lignocellulosic biomass and its applications in air pollution control. The general methods for preparation of lignocellulosic activated carbon as adsorption materials are discussed. The effect of carbonization and activation parameters such as temperature, heating rate, gas flow rate, activating agent, and residence time toward properties of activated carbon were reviewed. These parameters were related to the utilization of lignocellulosic activated carbon in air pollution control: removal of SO 2 , removal of NO 2 , simultaneous removal of SO 2 and NO x , removal of H 2 S, and removal of VOC. Under appropriate activation conditions, it is possible to obtain activated carbon with surface area and pore volume as high as 3000 m 2 /g and 1.5 cm 3 /g, respectively, which could be considered as a good sorbent. Converting lignocellulosic biomass into activated carbon could solve environmental problems such as agricultural waste and air pollutions control.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications.

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P. González-García

01 Feb 2018-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, a summary of the use of lignocellulosic-based precursors to obtain activated carbon is provided, including physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features.

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Abstract: Activated carbon is a porous material that has been in many important ages of the human history. Lignocellulosic precursors and biomass sources have become important materials to produce it because their use produces many benefits, mainly environmental. Nowadays, it is possible to find numerous research papers devoted to the synthesis characterization and applications of novel precursors to produce activated carbon. Hence, special attention must be given to the relationship among the selected precursor characteristics, the final microstructure and properties of carbon. The present work provides a summary of research works outlining the use of lignocellulosic–based precursors to obtain activated carbons. A brief description of the characterization techniques for both, the precursors and activated carbons, comprising: physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features is presented. Finally, the application of these materials in adsorption of heavy metals, dyes, volatile organic compounds, gas storage and electrochemical capacitors is also included.

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566 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Cellulose: A review as natural, modified and activated carbon adsorbent.

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Suhas, Vinod Kumar Gupta¹, Peter J.M. Carrott², Randhir Singh, Monika Chaudhary, Sarita Kushwaha - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Johannesburg¹, University of Évora²

01 Sep 2016-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: This review focuses on the utilization of cellulose as an adsorbent in natural/modified form or as a precursor for activated carbon (AC) for adsorbing substances from water and reports a few controversies and unresolved questions concerning the preparation/properties of ACs from cellulose.

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529 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A review on utilization of wood biomass as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon production and application

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Mohammed Danish¹, Tanweer Ahmad•Institutions (1)

University of Kuala Lumpur¹

01 May 2018-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this article, a detailed list of production methods of activated carbon from wood biomass is presented systematically, and an attempt has also been made to review the physical properties, such as ultimate and proximate analyses of wood biomass material.

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Abstract: Activated carbon has been an ideal material for the separation of a variety of chemical pollutants. Its extensive use is limited due to the cost of production, which has triggered the researches on the viable option for the non-conventional and cost-effective production. The application of biomass waste has been widely explored as an alternative to expensive methods of activated carbon production from coal. In this study, detailed list of production methods of activated carbon from wood biomass is presented systematically. The attempt has also been made to review the physical properties, such as ultimate and proximate analyses of wood biomass material. Further, the chemical compositions of wood, such as hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin are also dealt with. Finally, this review incorporates the existing research papers on wood-derived activated carbons to understand the influence of pyrolysis temperature, activation temperature, and effect of various physical and chemical activation conditions on the production, surface characteristics and adsorption behavior of activated carbons. The outcome of this study revealed that the activated carbons from wood biomass exhibit promising characteristics in terms of surface area, pore size and pore volume, surface functional groups, and surface entrapment behavior against various water soluble chemical toxicants.

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460 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Synthesis and application of Granular activated carbon from biomass waste materials for water treatment: A review

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Joseph Jjagwe¹, Peter Wilberforce Olupot¹, Emmanuel Menya², Herbert Mpagi Kalibbala¹•Institutions (2)

Makerere University¹, Gulu University²

01 Oct 2021

TL;DR: A comprehensive review on recent advances in production of biomass waste-based granular activated carbon (GAC) for water treatment and highlights future research directions is provided in this paper, where the effect of preparation pathways on the adsorptive properties of biomass derived GAC is explored.

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Abstract: There is an increased global demand for activated carbon (AC) in application of water treatment and purification. Water pollutants that have exhibited a greater removal efficiency by AC included but not limited to heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural organic matter, disinfection by-products, and microplastics. Granular activated carbon (GAC) is mostly used in aqueous solutions and adsorption columns for water treatment. Commercial AC is not only costly, but also obtained from non-renewable sources. This has prompted the search for alternative renewable materials for AC production. Biomass wastes present a great potential of such materials because of their availability and carbonaceous nature. This in turn can reduce on the adverse environmental effects caused by poor disposal of these wastes. The challenges associated with biomass waste based GAC are their low strength and attrition resistance which make them easily disintegrate under aqueous phase. This paper provides a comprehensive review on recent advances in production of biomass waste based GAC for water treatment and highlights future research directions. Production parameters such as granulation conditions, use of binders, carbonization, activation methods, and their effect on textural properties are discussed. Factors influencing the adsorption capacities of the derived GACs, adsorption models, adsorption mechanisms, and their regeneration potentials are reviewed. The literature reveals that biomass waste materials can produce GAC for use in water treatment with possibilities of being regenerated. Nonetheless, there is a need to explore 1) the effect of preparation pathways on the adsorptive properties of biomass derived GAC, 2) sustainable production of biomass derived GAC based on life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis, and 3) adsorption mechanisms of GAC for removal of contaminants of emerging concerns such as microplastics and unregulated disinfection by-products.

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287 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Mesoporous activated coconut shell-derived hydrochar prepared via hydrothermal carbonization-NaOH activation for methylene blue adsorption.

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Md. Azharul Islam¹, Md. Azharul Islam², Muthanna J. Ahmed³, W.A. Khanday², Mohammad Asif⁴, B.H. Hameed² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (4)

Khulna University¹, Universiti Sains Malaysia², University of Baghdad³, King Saud University⁴

01 Dec 2017-Journal of Environmental Management

TL;DR: Results show that the COSHTC3 prepared from low-cost agricultural waste with average pore diameter 28.6 Å and surface area 876.14 m2/g acts as a better adsorbent for removal of cationic dyes and could pave the way for more low- cost adsorbents for dye removal.

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269 citations

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References

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Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review

[...]

Grégorio Crini¹•Institutions (1)

University of Franche-Comté¹

01 Jun 2006-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: It is evident from a literature survey of about 210 recent papers that low-cost sorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for certain dyes, and chitosan might be a promising adsorbent for environmental and purification purposes.

...read moreread less

3,906 citations

"Synthesis of activated carbon from ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Physical activation usually uses steam or CO2 while for chemical activation; various chemicals are used [42,43]....
[...]
...Currently, scrubbing gaseous pollutants using the adsorption method is widely applied [36–71]....
[...]
...During activation the temperature is set between 800 and 1000 8C to develop the porosity and surface area of lignocellulosic carbon [42,43]....
[...]
...Due to the fact that activated carbon provides a suitable pore size for gas adsorption and large surface area for rapid reaction, utilization of activated carbon offers great potential in air pollution control [36–71]....
[...]
...Adsorption using adsorbents such as activated carbon has been studied [36–71]....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal – A review

[...]

V K Gupta¹, Suhas²•Institutions (2)

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee¹, University of Évora²

01 Jun 2009-Journal of Environmental Management

TL;DR: From a comprehensive literature review, it was found that some LCAs, in addition to having wide availability, have fast kinetics and appreciable adsorption capacities too.

...read moreread less

3,163 citations

"Synthesis of activated carbon from ..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Physical activation usually uses steam or CO2 while for chemical activation; various chemicals are used [42,43]....
[...]
...Currently, scrubbing gaseous pollutants using the adsorption method is widely applied [36–71]....
[...]
...During activation the temperature is set between 800 and 1000 8C to develop the porosity and surface area of lignocellulosic carbon [42,43]....
[...]
...Due to the fact that activated carbon provides a suitable pore size for gas adsorption and large surface area for rapid reaction, utilization of activated carbon offers great potential in air pollution control [36–71]....
[...]
...Adsorption using adsorbents such as activated carbon has been studied [36–71]....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Agricultural residues as precursors for activated carbon production—A review

[...]

O. Ioannidou¹, Anastasia Zabaniotou¹•Institutions (1)

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki¹

01 Dec 2007-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this article, a review of the production of activated carbons from agricultural residues is presented, and the effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis stage are reviewed.

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Abstract: A review of the production of activated carbons from agricultural residues is presented. The effects of various process parameters on the pyrolysis stage are reviewed. Influences of activating conditions, physical and chemical, on the active carbon properties are discussed. Under certain process conditions several active carbons with BET surface areas, ranging between 250 and 2410 m 2 /g and pore volumes of 0.022 and 91.4 cm 3 /g, have been produced. A comparison in characteristics and uses of activated carbons from agricultural residues with those issued from tires, and commercial carbons, have been made. A review is carried out of the reaction kinetic modelling, applied to pyrolysis of agricultural wastes and activation of their pyrolytic char.

...read moreread less

1,203 citations

"Synthesis of activated carbon from ..." refers background in this paper

...Normally, higher carbonization temperatures (600–700 8C) result in reduced yield of char while increasingthe liquid and gases release rate [3]....
[...]
...In this process, the carbonization temperature has the most significant effect, followed by heating rate, nitrogen flow rate, and finally residence time [3,21]....
[...]
...The first step in producing activated carbon is producing char from biomass with a carbonization/ pyrolysis process [3]....
[...]
...A number of studies on numerous applications of lignocellulosic materials as activated carbon sorbents have been published by various researchers [1–3]....
[...]
...According to Ioannidoue and Zabaniotou [3], higher carbonization temperatures also increase ash and fixed carbon content due to the decrease in volatile matter....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Lignin - from natural adsorbent to activated carbon: A review

[...]

Suhas¹, Peter J.M. Carrott¹, M.M.L. Ribeiro Carrott¹•Institutions (1)

University of Évora¹

01 Sep 2007-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: It is indicated that lignin is relatively non-reactive and probably the component of lignocellulosic precursors primarily responsible for the microporosity of activated carbons.

...read moreread less

955 citations

"Synthesis of activated carbon from ..." refers background in this paper

...Lignin based biomass is the most abundant renewable carbon resource on earth after cellulose, with a worldwide production of 40–50 million tons per year [2]....
[...]
...During the first phase of activation process, unorganized carbon is removed, exposing the lignin to the action of activating agents and lead to the development of microporous structure [2]....
[...]
...A number of studies on numerous applications of lignocellulosic materials as activated carbon sorbents have been published by various researchers [1–3]....
[...]
...Lower heating rate will increase dehydration and improve the stabilization of the polymeric components [2,3]....
[...]
...Among the three, lignin has been identified as the main component in lignocellulosic biomass responsible for the adsorption process [2]....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

CO2 capture by adsorption with nitrogen enriched carbons

[...]

Marta G. Plaza¹, Covadonga Pevida¹, Ana Arenillas¹, Fernando Rubiera¹, J.J. Pis¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Spanish National Research Council¹

01 Sep 2007-Fuel

TL;DR: In this article, different alkylamines were evaluated as a potential source of basic sites for CO 2 capture, and a commercial activated carbon was used as a preliminary support in order to study the effect of the impregnation.

...read moreread less

476 citations