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Journal ArticleDOI

Synthesis of poly(ethylene oxide) with a terminal amino group by anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated by aminoalcoholates

01 Aug 1997-Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (Hüthig & Wepf Verlag)-Vol. 198, Iss: 8, pp 2457-2474
TL;DR: In this paper, a living anionic polymerization of poly(ethylene oxide)s with a primary or secondary amino group at one chain end has been shown, with full conversion of the monomer, and NMR and molecular weight characterizations of the polymers and kinetic studies of the polymerization.
Abstract: Poly(ethylene oxide)s having a primary or secondary amino group at one chain end have been synthesized by direct anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated by aminoalcoholates. The ring opening reaction of ethylene oxide by the amino group could be avoided when the alcoholate was reactive enough, that is, with potassium alcoholates in dry aprotic medium (THF). In this case, a living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide occurred, with full conversion of the monomer. This is shown by the NMR and molecular weight characterizations of the polymers and kinetic studies of the polymerization.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With the ever growing toolbox for epoxide polymerization, a "polyether universe" may be envisaged that in its structural diversity parallels the immense variety of structural options available for polymers based on vinyl monomers with a purely carbon-based backbone.
Abstract: The review summarizes current trends and developments in the polymerization of alkylene oxides in the last two decades since 1995, with a particular focus on the most important epoxide monomers ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and butylene oxide (BO). Classical synthetic pathways, i.e., anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, and cationic polymerization of epoxides (oxiranes), are briefly reviewed. The main focus of the review lies on more recent and in some cases metal-free methods for epoxide polymerization, i.e., the activated monomer strategy, the use of organocatalysts, such as N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) as well as phosphazene bases. In addition, the commercially relevant double-metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst systems are discussed. Besides the synthetic progress, new types of multifunctional linear PEG (mf-PEG) and PPO structures accessible by copolymerization of EO or PO with functional epoxide comonomers are presented as well as complex bra...

523 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the main synthetic strategies developed in terms of polymerization rates, side reactions, and possibilities for controlling such polymerizations are reviewed, which includes the use of functional initiators, post-chemical modification of reactive functions carried by the polyether backbone, or functional-monomer insertion.

211 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), namely, 1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (1), was demonstrated to bring about the metal-free ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide at 50 degrees C in dimethyl sulfoxide, in absence of any other reagents.
Abstract: An N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), namely, 1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (1), was demonstrated to bring about the metal-free ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide at 50 °C in dimethyl sulfoxide, in absence of any other reagents. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of polydispersities <1.2 and molar masses perfectly matching the [monomer]/[(1)] ratio could thus be obtained in quantitative yields, attesting to the controlled/living character of such carbene-initiated polymerizations. It is argued that (1) adds to ethylene oxide to form a zwitterionic species, namely 1,3-bis-(diisopropyl)imidazol-2-ylidinium alkoxide, that further propagates by a zwitterionic ring-opening polymerization (ZROP) mechanism. Through an appropriate choice of terminating agent NuH or NuSiMe3 at the completion of the polymerization, a variety of end-functionalized PEO chains could be generated. In particular, α,ω-bis(hydroxy)-telechelic PEO, α-benzyl,ω-hydroxy, and α-azido,ω-hydroxy-difunctionalized PEOs were synthesized by ...

148 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that a Si/SiO2 substrate is an attractive alternative to standard glass slides for the realisation of fluorescence DNA microarrays whenever detection sensitivity is an important issue.

89 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A biochip approach based on porous silicon as substrate is presented to enhance the sensitivity of the biochip by increasing the specific surface area on the support and radioactive measurements show a 10-fold enhancement of the oligonucleotide surface density on the porous silicon substrate.

59 citations