Q2. What are the future works in this paper?
The authors recommend future research strategies build on the empirical evidence that unconstrained food marketing promotes low nutrition foods and that promotions influence children ’ s food behaviours and diet-related health. The WHO Set of Marketing Recommendations provides comprehensive, strategic direction for future research as well as policy.
Q3. What are the common types of incentives used by food marketers?
Purchase incentives such as competitions, giveaways, brand-based discounting, as well as the deployment of innovative digital technologymediated marketing are increasingly common.
Q4. What are the common categories of food promoted to children?
The most common categories of food products promoted to children are pre-sugared breakfast cereals, soft drinks, savoury snacks, confectionery and fast foods.
Q5. How many studies were included in the evidence pool for Qs 6-8?
Forty-six studies on the effects of food promotion on children’s diet, dietary determinants and health were assessed as capable of demonstrating causality and were therefore included in the evidence pool for Qs 6-8.
Q6. What are the heavily promoted food categories?
The next most heavily promoted food categories were juice and non-carbonated beverages, snack foods and candy/frozen deserts which accounted for 25% of total expenditure (FTC, 2008).
Q7. What is the role of food promotion in low- and middle-income countries?
Food marketing in low-income countries aimed at children and families is using TV advertising, sports stars and celebrity endorsement, interactive digital technologies and11building of brand loyalty to promote the same types of micro-nutrient poor, energy-dense foods and beverages as in richer countries.
Q8. What are the common categories of food advertising directed to children?
A US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) survey of industry expenditure reported 63% of the marketing spend directed to children was for carbonated beverages, fast food and breakfast cereals.
Q9. What are the common appeals used by food marketers?
More serious health and nutrition appeals (with the exception of breakfast cereal promotions) and the use of disclaimers (qualifying statements on products’ contribution to consumer needs) are rarely deployed.
Q10. How many studies reported positive associations between food promotion and consumption behaviours?
Consumption behaviours: Fourteen of the 18 included studies demonstrated positive associations between food promotion and consumption behaviours such as increased snacking, higher energy intake and less healthful food choices.
Q11. How long ago did the evidence of the major reviews reflect the effects of marketing?
The collective evidence of the major reviews published to early 2012 capture nearly forty years of evidence on the effects of marketing.
Q12. How did the reviewers assess the results of the study?
Two reviewers applied the causality and quality rating criteria to screen and grade studies eligible for inclusion to answer Qs 6-8.
Q13. What criteria were used to determine whether the association between variables may be causal?
Study design was assessed using the Bradford Hill criteria7for determining if observed associations between variables may be inferred to be causal or simply correlational (Bradford-Hill, 1965)2.
Q14. What is the common category of food advertising used to children?
A study illustrating this (Gantz, Schwartz, Angelini, & Rideout, 2007), reported that 34% of TV food advertising targeting children used taste appeals, 18% used fun appeals and only 2% used nutrition or health appeals.