Systemic and immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in an intravenous 28 days repeated dose toxicity study in rats.
TL;DR: For nanosilver the most sensitive parameters for potential adverse responses were effects on the immune system and the most striking toxic effect was the almost complete suppression of the natural killer cell activity in the spleen at high doses.
About: This article is published in Biomaterials.The article was published on 2013-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 245 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Toxicity & Aspartate transaminase.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This Review focuses on current therapeutic strategies and those under development that target vital structural and functional traits of microbial biofilms and drug tolerance mechanisms, including the extracellular matrix and dormant cells.
Abstract: Biofilm formation is a key virulence factor for a wide range of microorganisms that cause chronic infections. The multifactorial nature of biofilm development and drug tolerance imposes great challenges for the use of conventional antimicrobials and indicates the need for multi-targeted or combinatorial therapies. In this Review, we focus on current therapeutic strategies and those under development that target vital structural and functional traits of microbial biofilms and drug tolerance mechanisms, including the extracellular matrix and dormant cells. We emphasize strategies that are supported by in vivo or ex vivo studies, highlight emerging biofilm-targeting technologies and provide a rationale for multi-targeted therapies aimed at disrupting the complex biofilm microenvironment.
1,039 citations
TL;DR: Methods of synthesizing AgNPs are introduced and their physicochemical, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and toxicity properties are discussed, highlighting the newly emerging applications ofAgNPs as antiviral agents, photosensitizer and/or radiosensitizers, and anticancer therapeutic agents.
681 citations
Cites background from "Systemic and immunotoxicity of silv..."
...One study showed that the effect of both 20 nm and 100 nm AgNPs on Wistar-derived WU rats treated at 6 mg/kg body weight doses was an increase in spleen weight; moreover, the clinical chemistry parameters also indicated liver damage [32]....
[...]
TL;DR: The present review discusses the current advances on the physiochemical properties of AgNPs with specific emphasis on biodistribution and both in vitro and in vivo toxicity following various routes of exposure.
Abstract: Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have gained huge importance in technological advancements over the past few years. Among the various ENMs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become one of the most explored nanotechnology-derived nanostructures and have been intensively investigated for their unique physicochemical properties. The widespread commercial and biomedical application of nanosilver include its use as a catalyst and an optical receptor in cosmetics, electronics and textile engineering, as a bactericidal agent, and in wound dressings, surgical instruments, and disinfectants. This, in turn, has increased the potential for interactions of AgNPs with terrestrial and aquatic environments, as well as potential exposure and toxicity to human health. In the present review, after giving an overview of ENMs, we discuss the current advances on the physiochemical properties of AgNPs with specific emphasis on biodistribution and both in vitro and in vivo toxicity following various routes of exposure. Most in vitro studies have demonstrated the size-, dose- and coating-dependent cellular uptake of AgNPs. Following NPs exposure, in vivo biodistribution studies have reported Ag accumulation and toxicity to local as well as distant organs. Though there has been an increase in the number of studies in this area, more investigations are required to understand the mechanisms of toxicity following various modes of exposure to AgNPs.
450 citations
TL;DR: This review aims to discuss AgNPs applied in biomedicine and as promising field for insertion and development of new compounds related to medical and pharmacy technology and addresses drug delivery, toxicity issues, and the safety rules concerning biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles.
376 citations
TL;DR: The state-of-the-art advances of AgNPs in the synthesis methods, medical applications and biosafety, and a new type of Ag particles, silver Ångstrom (Å, 1 Å = 0.1 nm) particles (AgÅPs), which exhibit better biological activity and lower toxicity compared with AgNps are reviewed.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been one of the most attractive nanomaterials in biomedicine due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art advances of AgNPs in the synthesis methods, medical applications and biosafety of AgNPs. The synthesis methods of AgNPs include physical, chemical and biological routes. AgNPs are mainly used for antimicrobial and anticancer therapy, and also applied in the promotion of wound repair and bone healing, or as the vaccine adjuvant, anti-diabetic agent and biosensors. This review also summarizes the biological action mechanisms of AgNPs, which mainly involve the release of silver ions (Ag+), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), destruction of membrane structure. Despite these therapeutic benefits, their biological safety problems such as potential toxicity on cells, tissue, and organs should be paid enough attention. Besides, we briefly introduce a new type of Ag particles smaller than AgNPs, silver Angstrom (A, 1 A = 0.1 nm) particles (AgAPs), which exhibit better biological activity and lower toxicity compared with AgNPs. Finally, we conclude the current challenges and point out the future development direction of AgNPs.
372 citations
Cites background from "Systemic and immunotoxicity of silv..."
...The deposited AgNPs may be potentially toxic to these tissues or organs by inducing cell necrosis, apoptosis or genetic mutations [42-45]....
[...]
References
More filters
TL;DR: Silver nanoparticles have emerged up with diverse medical applications ranging from silver based dressings, silver coated medicinal devices, such as nanogels, nanolotions, etc, due to its capability of modulating metals into their nanosize.
5,014 citations
TL;DR: Use of nanosilver is becoming more and more widespread in medicine and related applications and due to increasing exposure toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised.
1,756 citations
DSM1
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that tissue distribution of gold nanoparticles is size-dependent with the smallest 10nm nanoparticles showing the most widespread organ distribution.
1,406 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an inventory is made to identify knowledge gaps that have to be filled before risks for both man and the environment can be assessed as reliable as for ‘non-nanosized’ chemicals.
Abstract: Nano-silver is used in an increasing number of products. Some of the applications have resulted in the concern of governments and the public, since little is known about the potential risks of nano-silver. In this review, an inventory is made to identify knowledge gaps that have to be filled before risks for both man and the environment can be assessed as reliable as for ‘non-nanosized’ chemicals. It is hypothesized that the toxic effects of nano-silver are due to a combination of the specific properties of silver nanoparticles and the generation of ions from them. The main topic for future research is validation of our ‘0-hypothesis’ that toxic effects of nano-silver are proportional to the activity of free silver ions released by the nanoparticles. Furthermore, it must be determined whether – or to what extent – nano-silver particles will enter the body. The outcomes of these tests will determine the requirements for further toxicity testing.
1,201 citations
TL;DR: Effects of silver nanoparticles on different toxic endpoints may be the consequence of their ability to inflict cell damage, and the potency of silver in the form of nanoparticles to induce cell damage compared to silver ions is cell type and size-dependent.
853 citations