Teaching Sign Language to a Chimpanzee
15 Aug 1969-Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science)-Vol. 165, Iss: 3894, pp 664-672
TL;DR: The protein encoded by Nup160 directly interacts with that of another hybrid lethality gene, Nup96, indicating that at least two lethal hybrid incompatibility genes have evolved as byproducts of divergent coevolution among interacting components of the Drosophila nuclear pore complex.
Abstract: Speciation often involves the evolution of incompatible gene interactions that cause sterility or lethality in hybrids between populations. These so-called hybrid incompatibilities occur between two or more functionally divergent loci. We show that the nucleoporin 160kDa (Nup160) gene of the fruitfly Drosophila simulans is incompatible with one or more factors on the D. melanogaster X chromosome, causing hybrid lethality. Nup160 encodes a nuclear pore complex protein and shows evidence of adaptive evolution. Furthermore, the protein encoded by Nup160 directly interacts with that of another hybrid lethality gene, Nup96, indicating that at least two lethal hybrid incompatibility genes have evolved as byproducts of divergent coevolution among interacting components of the Drosophila nuclear pore complex.
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01 Jan 1991TL;DR: This book discusses the need for a theory of cognitive evolution as an emergent phenomenon culture as evidence for cognitive structure and the transition from episodic to mimetic culture, which is the missing link in human cognition without language.
Abstract: Prologue PART 1: The Need for a Theory of Cognitive Evolution Mental Architecture as an Emergent Phenomenon Culture as Evidence for Cognitive Structure The Organization of This Book PART 2:
1,576 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: It now appears possible to identify these circuits, localize the sites of memory storage, and analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory.
Abstract: How the brain codes, stores, and retrieves memories is among the most important and baffling questions in science. The uniqueness of each human being is due largely to the memory store—the biological residue of memory from a lifetime of experience. The cellular basis of this ability to learn can be traced to simpler organisms. In the past generation, understanding of the biological basis of learning and memory has undergone a revolution. It is clear that various forms and aspects of learning and memory involve particular systems, networks, and circuits in the brain, and it now appears possible to identify these circuits, localize the sites of memory storage, and analyze the cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory.
1,248 citations
TL;DR: Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused Vervet monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms.
Abstract: Vervet monkeys give different alarm calls to different predators. Recordings of the alarms played back when predators were absent caused the monkeys to run into trees for leopard alarms, look up for eagle alarms, and look down for snake alarms. Adults call primarily to leopards, martial eagles, and pythons, but infants give leopard alarms to various mammals, eagle alarms to many birds, and snake alarms to various snakelike objects. Predator classification improves with age and experience.
1,186 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This article provided an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics and all the key elements of language This seventh edition has been revised and updated throughout, with substantial changes to the chapters on phonetics and semantics, and forty new study questions.
Abstract: This bestselling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics and all the key elements of language This seventh edition has been revised and updated throughout, with substantial changes to the chapters on phonetics and semantics, and forty new study questions To increase student engagement and to foster problem-solving and critical thinking skills, the book includes over twenty new tasks An expanded and revised online study guide provides students with further resources, including answers and tutorials for all tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language
1,107 citations
Book•
01 Sep 1973
TL;DR: Nine chapters on diverse topics that include an analysis of whether sociobiology has killed ethology or revitalized it and aims, limitations, and the future of ethology and comparative ethology.
Abstract: Nine chapters on diverse topics that include: an analysis of whether sociobiology has killed ethology or revitalized it; aims, limitations, and the future of ethology and comparative ethology; the tyranny of anthropocentrism; psychoimmunology; gender differences in behavior; behavioral development.
1,067 citations
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TL;DR: This collection of 24 articles from Scientific American attempts to summarize the salient features of present knowledge of cell structure and function and should provide stimulating reading for those who would like a short review of modern developments in the study of the cell.
Abstract: Cell biology, since the advent of the electron microscope and sophisticated techniques of biochemical analysis and synthesis, has advanced in giant steps that find even experts in the field hard pressed to pace. With the voluminous literature of the discipline, the interested layman or scientist of a different field can easily get lost on the side-roads, losing sight of the general direction. This collection of 24 articles from Scientific American, including nine from the special September 1961 issue on the living cell, attempts to summarize the salient features of our present knowledge of cell structure and function. Each article is written by an expert in the field with the expressed intent of presenting a coherent, unified and non-intricate overview of his topic. In the effort to present the most recent theories, the authors do sometimes give the impression that these theories are thoroughly grounded in experimental fact, whereas recent experiments have already cast doubt on a few of these theories. If the reader realizes this possibility, however, it is unlikely that he will be led astray. Credit for a fine, but neither inspired nor difficult, job of selecting the articles, arranging them in logical order, and preparing short introductions to each of six sections must go to the editor, Donald Kennedy, Professor of Biology at Stanford University. The collection appears to have fulfilled its purpose admirably and should provide stimulating reading for those who would like a short review of modern developments in the study of the cell. RICHARD P. MILLS
577 citations
399 citations
TL;DR: A deaf mute does not learn to speak because he has no sound patterns to follow, no models to imitate, and no model to imitate a sound pattern as discussed by the authors. But deaf infants do learn to imitate.
Abstract: Oral speech develops in the human infant as an outgrowth of his contact with older humans who are continuously using language. A deaf mute fails to speak because he never hears the acoustic patterns which make up words. He has no sound patterns to follow, no models to imitate. If the ear itself is functioning but the child is mentally retarded, he may be able to hear but not to imitate. Again, he does not learn to speak. A normal ear, a normal brain and speech organs, the continuous hearing of spoken language, and a great deal of imitation are necessary for the completion of the process.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed account of certain tests, recently conducted by the writers, on the German Shepherd Dog "Fellow" to determine to what extent, if any, his reputed ability to understand human language is justly warranted.
Abstract: T HE material selected for discussion in this paper naturally falls into two major divisions as indicated in the title. The attempt is made in the first general section to present, very briefly indeed, a fairly systematic account of the more important aspects of the capacities and behavior of the dog, insofar as these have been revealed by careful observation and experimental analysis. Vastly more information is at hand on the sensory capacities of the dog than on what we usually think of as general intelligence. The sections covering such capacities, especially visual, olfactory and auditory, are accordingly large while that on intelligence is correspondingly small. The distinction here made is, of course, one of convenience only, inasmuch as general intelligence must be, in the very nature of the case, a function of sensory and other capacities. A short section treating of the special fitness of the dog to serve as a subject for extensive and intensive behavior studies in the modern animal laboratory will follow that on intelligence. The second major division of the paper will consist of a fairly detailed account of certain tests, recently conducted by the writers, on the German Shepherd Dog "Fellow" -widely known on stage and screen-to determine to what extent, if any, his reputed ability to understand human language is justly warranted. Before entering upon the main discussion it may be not entirely out of place to remind you that the attitude of the modem comparative psychologist is one of healthy skepticism toward supposed cases of animal genius and human-like levels of animal intelligence. It is not that the student of animal behavior has a grudge against the infra-human kind, or any scientific or philosophical objection to a high evaluation of their abilities. For, in point of fact, no one more than the comparative psychologist welcomes evidence tending to confirm his belief in the essential continuity of all living forms on the
112 citations