'technology transfer' and the research university : a search for the boundaries of university-industry collaboration
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the emerging "technology transfer" role US academics are expected to play in economic development, what specific roles they believe they can play in industrial innovations, and how they might go about collaborating with private industry.
About: This article is published in Research Policy.The article was published on 1996-09-01. It has received 610 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Private sector & Academic freedom.
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Imperial College London1, Copenhagen Business School2, University of Gothenburg3, Tilburg University4, Royal Institute of Technology5, Spanish National Research Council6, University of Bologna7, University of Turin8, University of Cambridge9, University of Kassel10, University of Strasbourg11, University of Bordeaux12, Bocconi University13, University of Bath14
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic review of research on academic scientists' involvement in collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer, which they refer as academic engagement.
Abstract: A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we refer as ‘academic engagement’. Apart from extracting findings that are generalisable across studies, we ask how academic engagement differs from commercialization, defined as intellectual property creation and academic entrepreneurship. We identify the individual, organizational and institutional antecedents and consequences of academic engagement, and then compare these findings with the antecedents and consequences of commercialization. Apart from being more widely practiced, academic engagement is distinct from commercialization in that it is closely aligned with traditional academic research activities, and pursued by academics to access resources supporting their research agendas. We conclude by identifying future research needs, opportunities for methodological improvement and policy interventions. (Published version available via open access)
1,589 citations
TL;DR: The Contingent Effectiveness Model of Technology Transfer (CEMT) as discussed by the authors is a model of technology transfer that assumes that technology effectiveness can take a variety of forms, including political effectiveness, capacity-building, and economic effectiveness.
1,585 citations
Imperial College London1, Copenhagen Business School2, University of Gothenburg3, Royal Institute of Technology4, Polytechnic University of Valencia5, University of Bologna6, University of Turin7, Collegio Carlo Alberto8, University of Cambridge9, University of Kassel10, University of Strasbourg11, University of Bordeaux12
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a systematic review of research on academic scientists' involvement in collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university-industry knowledge transfer, which they refer as academic engagement.
1,470 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an unusually comprehensive and detailed literature analysis of the stream of research on university entrepreneurship, now encompassing 173 articles published in a variety of academic journals, and inductively derive a framework describing the dynamic process of university entrepreneurship based on a synthesis of the literature.
Abstract: The literature on university entrepreneurship is rapidly expanding, in both the United States and Europe. Since the literature is also fairly fragmented, however, we submit that it is time to take stock of the current knowledge to provide directions for future research and guideposts for policy makers. To accomplish this, we present an unusually comprehensive and detailed literature analysis of the stream of research on university entrepreneurship, now encompassing 173 articles published in a variety of academic journals. Four major research streams emerge in this area of study: (i) entrepreneurial research university, (ii) productivity of technology transfer offices, (iii) new firm creation, and (iv) environmental context including networks of innovation. We inductively derive a framework describing the dynamic process of university entrepreneurship based on a synthesis of the literature. We submit that this framework is useful in guiding future research on this important, yet complex and under-researched topic.
1,456 citations
Cites background from "'technology transfer' and the resea..."
...Lee (1996) What is the emerging role that US academics are expected to play in economic development?...
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...…problemsolving research, results in more secretive behaviors among faculty, aggravates the conflict between advancing knowledge and generating revenues, and thus interrupts or even threatens academic freedom (Lee, 1996; Powell and Owen-Smith, 1998; Louis et al., 2001; Gulbrandsen and Smeby, 2005)....
[...]
...Some scholars suggest that a more entrepreneurial university drives more applied and problemsolving research, results in more secretive behaviors among faculty, aggravates the conflict between advancing knowledge and generating revenues, and thus interrupts or even threatens academic freedom (Lee, 1996; Powell and Owen-Smith, 1998; Louis et al., 2001; Gulbrandsen and Smeby, 2005)....
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...R o th aerm el et a l. Lee, 1996; Powell and Owen-Smith, 1998; Etzkowitz et al., 2000; Louis et al., 2001; Nelson, 2001; Siegel et al., 2004; Van Looy et al., 2004; Gulbrandsen and Smeby 2005), and offering suggestions on how to address these issues (Rosenberg and Nelson, 1994; Laukkanen, 2003)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the different channels through which academic researchers interact with industry and the factors that influence the researchers' engagement in a variety of interactions, and argued that by paying greater attention to the broad range of knowledge transfer mechanisms, policy initiatives could contribute to building the researchers skills necessary to integrate the worlds of scientific research and application.
1,371 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Hosmer and Lemeshow as discussed by the authors provide an accessible introduction to the logistic regression model while incorporating advances of the last decade, including a variety of software packages for the analysis of data sets.
Abstract: From the reviews of the First Edition. "An interesting, useful, and well-written book on logistic regression models... Hosmer and Lemeshow have used very little mathematics, have presented difficult concepts heuristically and through illustrative examples, and have included references."- Choice "Well written, clearly organized, and comprehensive... the authors carefully walk the reader through the estimation of interpretation of coefficients from a wide variety of logistic regression models . . . their careful explication of the quantitative re-expression of coefficients from these various models is excellent." - Contemporary Sociology "An extremely well-written book that will certainly prove an invaluable acquisition to the practicing statistician who finds other literature on analysis of discrete data hard to follow or heavily theoretical."-The Statistician In this revised and updated edition of their popular book, David Hosmer and Stanley Lemeshow continue to provide an amazingly accessible introduction to the logistic regression model while incorporating advances of the last decade, including a variety of software packages for the analysis of data sets. Hosmer and Lemeshow extend the discussion from biostatistics and epidemiology to cutting-edge applications in data mining and machine learning, guiding readers step-by-step through the use of modeling techniques for dichotomous data in diverse fields. Ample new topics and expanded discussions of existing material are accompanied by a wealth of real-world examples-with extensive data sets available over the Internet.
35,847 citations
TL;DR: Applied Logistic Regression, Third Edition provides an easily accessible introduction to the logistic regression model and highlights the power of this model by examining the relationship between a dichotomous outcome and a set of covariables.
Abstract: \"A new edition of the definitive guide to logistic regression modeling for health science and other applicationsThis thoroughly expanded Third Edition provides an easily accessible introduction to the logistic regression (LR) model and highlights the power of this model by examining the relationship between a dichotomous outcome and a set of covariables. Applied Logistic Regression, Third Edition emphasizes applications in the health sciences and handpicks topics that best suit the use of modern statistical software. The book provides readers with state-of-the-art techniques for building, interpreting, and assessing the performance of LR models. New and updated features include: A chapter on the analysis of correlated outcome data. A wealth of additional material for topics ranging from Bayesian methods to assessing model fit Rich data sets from real-world studies that demonstrate each method under discussion. Detailed examples and interpretation of the presented results as well as exercises throughout Applied Logistic Regression, Third Edition is a must-have guide for professionals and researchers who need to model nominal or ordinal scaled outcome variables in public health, medicine, and the social sciences as well as a wide range of other fields and disciplines\"--
30,190 citations
Book•
11 Dec 2013
TL;DR: The Two Cultures and The Scientific Revolution by C. P. Snow as discussed by the authors is a collection of essays written by the authors of Strangers and Brothers, a series of eleven novels about upper-middle-class English society.
Abstract: Revolution. The 1959 Rede Lecture. By C. P. Snow. Price, $1.75. Pp. 58, with notes. Cambridge University Press, 32 E. 57th St., New York, 1960. Also available in paperback edition, price, $1.25. Last year's Rede Lecture at Cambridge by C. P. Snow is now available in a slim, thoughtful, and disturbing volume entitled The Two Cultures and The Scientific Revolution. It runs a mere 58 pages of direct, insistent, pellucid prose and can be read in one hour. Since it takes so little time to courageously tackle two problems vital to scientists, and since it is modestly priced, this unimposing book may well be the greatest literary bargain of an inflated publishing age. The "two cultures" in the title are the modern culture of the scientific intellectual and the traditional culture of the literary intellectual. With a foot in each cultural camp, C. P. Snow comes uniquely armed to the fray. He states his own qualifications : "by training I was a scientist; by vocation I was a writer." More specifically, Charles Percy Snow, the scientist, won his M. A. in physics in 1928, after taking first honors in chemistry at Leicester University. He then became a research fellow at Christ College, Cambridge. During the war, he was charged with the proper placement of English scien¬ tists by the Ministry of Labor. For the last thirteen years, he has directed English Electric, Britain's largest electrical firm. On the literary side of the ledger, C. P. Snow is the famous author of a projected cycle of eleven novels known as Strangers and Brothers. His most widely read book is probably The Masters, number four in the cycle; while his latest novel, The Affair, is number eight. The series deals with the machinations in the upper-middle-class English world of education, government, and science. In effect, Snow seems set upon the commendable task of making the other practical scientists as popular as the psychia¬ trist in today's literary market. When such an awesomely equipped spokesman says, "I believe the intellectual life of the whole of western society is in¬ creasingly being split into two polar groups" and there is "between the two a gulf of mutual incomprehension" that is doing great harm, it behooves us to listen. Snow's idea that scientists comprise a unified culture requires amplification. Cer¬ tainly, the gulf between the different sciences is often as great as that between the scientists and the literati. Attendance at a meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology will suffice to demon¬ strate what a Tower of Babel the natural sciences, in all their subdivisions, can create among themselves. In the field of medicine. the scientific split is manifest in the faltering dialogue between the research academicians and the private practitioners. In spite of these intragroup differences, scientists share "common attitudes, common standards and patterns of behavior, common approaches and assumptions. ... In their working, and in much of their emotional life, their atti¬ tudes are closer to other scientists than to non-scientists. .
1,469 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the distinctive strengths and limitations of university research and argue that industry is more effective in dealing with problems that are located close to the market place and that new policies will need to respect this division of labor.
1,347 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate the extent to which technological innovations in various industries have been based on recent academic research, and the time lags between the investment in academic research projects and the industrial utilization of their findings.
1,276 citations