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Journal ArticleDOI

Temperature distribution and residual stresses due to multipass welding in type 304 stainless steel and low carbon steel weld pads

TL;DR: In this article, the peak temperatures attained at different points during deposition of weld beads in stainless steel and low carbon steel weld pads were compared, and the residual stress patterns developed, the change in the peak tensile stress with the deposition of welding beads and the relation between peak temperatures and residual stresses in the weld pads are discussed.
About: This article is published in International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping.The article was published on 2001-04-01. It has received 134 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Heat-affected zone & Welding.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Based on the ABAQUS software, uncoupled thermal-mechanical three-dimensional and two-dimensional (2-D) finite element models are developed in this article to evaluate the transient temperature and the residual stress fields during welding.

517 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a unified equation to compute the energy density is proposed to compare works performed with distinct equipment and experimental conditions, covering the major process parameters: power, travel speed, heat source dimension, hatch distance, deposited layer thickness and material grain size.

369 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of initial pH and temperature of iron salt solutions on formation of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles during co-precipitation was reported.

287 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview on the current state of fracture mechanics application to weldments and discuss the specific features which any fracture mechanics analysis of weldments has to take into account.

162 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of geometry configurations on the residual stress distributions were predicted from the 3D computer analysis using a thermo-elastoplastic constitutive equation and compared with the X-ray diffraction method.

117 citations

References
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Book
24 Aug 1987
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a method to measure residual stress from X-ray diffraction data. But, their method is not suitable for the analysis of nonlinear elasticity theory.
Abstract: 1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Origin of Stresses.- 1.2 Methods of Measuring Residual Stresses.- 1.3 Some Examples of Residual Stresses.- References.- 2 Fundamental Concepts in Stress Analysis.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Definitions.- 2.3 Stress and Strain.- 2.4 Forces and Stresses.- 2.5 Displacements and Strains.- 2.6 Transformation of Axes and Tensor Notation.- 2.7 Elastic Stress-Strain Relations for Isotropic Materials.- 2.8 Structure of Single Crystals.- 2.9 Elastic Stress-Strain Relations in Single Crystals.- 2.10 Equations of Equilibrium.- 2.11 Conditions of Compatibility.- 2.12 Basic Definitions in Plastic Deformation.- 2.13 Plastic Deformation of Single Crystals.- 2.14 Deformation and Yielding in Inhomogeneous Materials.- Problems.- 3 Analysis of Residual Stress Fields Using Linear Elasticity Theory.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Macroresidual Stresses.- 3.3 Equations of Equilibrium for Macrostresses.- 3.4 Microstresses.- 3.5 Equations of Equilibrium for Micro- and Pseudo-Macrostresses.- 3.6 Calculation of Micro- and PM Stresses.- 3.7 The Total Stress State in Surface Deformed Multiphase Materials.- 3.8 Macroscopic Averages of Single Crystal Elastic Constants.- 3.9 The Voigt Average.- 3.10 The Reuss Average.- 3.11 Other Approaches to Elastic Constant Determination.- 3.12 Average Diffraction Elastic Constants.- Summary.- References.- 4 Fundamental Concepts in X-ray Diffraction.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Fundamentals of X-rays.- 4.3 Short-wavelength Limit and the Continuous Spectrum.- 4.4 Characteristic Radiation Lines.- 4.5 X-ray Sources.- 4.6 Absorption of X-rays.- 4.7 Filtering of X-rays.- 4.8 Scattering of X-rays.- 4.9 Scattering from Planes of Atoms.- 4.10 The Structure Factor of a Unit Cell.- 4.11 Experimental Utilization of Bragg's Law.- 4.12 Monochromators.- 4.13 Collimators and Slits.- 4.14 Diffraction Patterns from Single Crystals.- 4.15 Diffraction Patterns from Polycrystalline Specimens.- 4.16 Basic Diffractometer Geometry.- 4.17 Intensity of Diffracted Lines for Polycrystals.- 4.18 Multiplicity.- 4.19 Lorentz Factor.- 4.20 Absorption Factor.- 4.21 Temperature Factor.- 4.22 X-ray Detectors.- 4.23 Deadtime Correction for Detection Systems.- 4.24 Total Diffracted Intensity at a Given Angle 20.- 4.25 Depth of Penetration of X-rays.- 4.26 Fundamental Concepts in Neutron Diffraction.- 4.27 Scattering and Absorption of Neutrons.- Problems.- Bibliography and References.- 5 Determination of Strain and Stress Fields by Diffraction Methods.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Fundamental Equations of X-ray Strain Determination.- 5.3 Analysis of Regular "d" vs. sin2? Data.- 5.4 Determination of Stresses from Diffraction Data.- 5.5 Biaxial Stress Analysis.- 5.6 Triaxial Stress Analysis.- 5.7 Determination of the Unstressed Lattice Spacing.- 5.8 Effect of Homogeneity of the Strain Distribution and Specimen Anisotropy.- 5.9 Average Strain Data from Single Crystal Specimens.- 5.10 Interpretation of the Average X-ray Strain Data Measured from Polycrystalline Specimens.- 5.11 Interpretation of Average Stress States in Polycrystalline Specimens.- 5.12 Effect of Stress Gradients Normal to the Surface on d vs. sin2? Data.- 5.13 Experimental Determination of X-ray Elastic Constants.- 5.14 Determination of Stresses from Oscillatory Data.- 5.15 Stress Measurements with Neutron Diffraction.- 5.16 Effect of Composition Gradients with Depth.- 5.17 X-ray Determination of Yielding.- 5.18 Summary.- Problem.- References.- 6 Experimental Errors Associated with the X-ray Measurement of Residual Stress.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Selection of the Diffraction Peak for Stress Measurements.- 6.3 Peak Location.- 6.3.1 Half-Value Breadth and Centroid Methods.- 6.3.2 Functional Representations of X-ray Peaks.- 6.3.3 Peak Determination by Fitting a Parabola.- 6.3.4 Determination of Peak Shift.- 6.4 Determination of Peak Position for Asymmetric Peaks.- 6.5 Statistical Errors Associated with the X-ray Measurement of Line Profiles.- 6.6 Statistical Errors in Stress.- 6.6.1 The sin2? Technique.- 6.6.2 Two-Tilt Technique.- 6.6.3 Triaxial Stress Analysis.- 6.6.4 Statistical Errors in X-ray Elastic Constants.- 6.7 Instrumental Errors in Residual Stress Analysis.- 6.7.1 Variation of the Focal Point with ? and ?.- 6.7.2 Effect of Horizontal Divergence on Focusing.- 6.7.3 Effect of Vertical Beam Divergence.- 6.7.4 Effect of Specimen Displacement.- 6.7.5 Effect of ?-axis not Corresponding to the 2?-axis.- 6.7.6 Error Equations for the ?-Goniometer.- 6.7.7 Effect of Errors in the True Zero Position of the ?-axis.- 6.7.8 Alignment Procedures.- 6.8 Corrections for Macrostress Gradients.- 6.9 Corrections for Layer Removal.- 6.10 Summary.- Problems.- References.- 7 The Practical Use of X-ray Techniques.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 The Use of Ordinary Diffractometers.- 7.3 Software and Hardware Requirements.- 7.4 Available Instruments.- 7.5 Selected Applications of a Portable X-ray Residual Stress Unit (By W. P. Evans).- Reference.- 8 The Shape of Diffraction Peaks - X-ray Line Broadening.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Slit Corrections.- 8.3 Fourier Analysis of Peak Broadening.- Problem.- References.- Appendix A: Solutions to Problems.- Appendix B.- B.1 Introduction.- B.2 The Marion-Cohen Method.- B.3 Dolle-Hauk Method (Oscillation-free Reflections).- B.4 Methods of Peiter and Lode.- B.5 Use of High Multiplicity Peaks.- References.- Appendix C: Fourier Analysis.- Appendix D: Location of Useful Information in "International Tables for Crystallography".- Appendix F: A Compilation of X-ray Elastic Constants (By Dr. M. James).- References.

2,146 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed an analytical method for predicting through thickness distribution of residual stresses in a thick plate with a multipass welding process, which was carried out in two steps.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to develop an analytical method for predicting through thickness distribution of residual stresses in a thick plate with a multipass welding process. The analysis was carried out in two steps. The first step was to develop a thermal model for heat flow analysis in a two-dimensional cross-section of the plate. For a modeling of the heat input to the cross-section, a ramp heat input was used to avoid numerical instability and to include the effect of a moving arc. The best ramp time was selected by an analysis of the root pass on a 1/2-in

84 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a model capable of describing the thermal cycles occurring in multipass welds was developed which was used to investigate theoretically the effect of interpass temperature, welding current and Ac3 temperature on the fraction of weld microstructure which becomes reaustenitised during fabrication.
Abstract: A model has been developed which is capable of describing the thermal cycles occurring in multipass welds. The method involves a calculation of the size and shape of the single bead-on-plate weld. The isotherms beneath the weld centre-line are estimated using an analytical solution for the problem of heat-flow into a thick plate. The volume of metal deposited per unit length of weld, i.e. the reinforcement, is then assumed to adopt the shape of a spherical cap on the surface of the plate. For multipass welds, the model applies the heat-flow equations as each bead is deposited. The model has been calibrated for a 214Cr1Mo multipass weld of a type commonly used for joining steam-pipes in a modern steam-generating power plant. The method has been used to investigate theoretically the effect of interpass temperature, welding current and Ac3 temperature on the fraction of weld microstructure which becomes reaustenitised during fabrication of the weldment. Where possible, the results are rationalised by comparison with experimental observations.

72 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the average maximum temperature rise during each pass of welding is calculated and plotted against the distance from the weld pad center line. But very limited experimental data regarding temperature distribution during multipass welding of plates is available in the literature.

68 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the bulk residual stresses in 100mm (4in.) and 250mm (10in.) diam Schedule 80 piping weldments were measured using strain-relief techniques. And the results showed that the residual stresses obtained on the inside surface of the 100mm weldments exhibit an oscillatory distribution with peak values above 275 MPa (40 ksi) and stress gradients normal to the weld on the order of 35 MPa/mm (127 ksi/in.).
Abstract: This paper presents measurements of the bulk residual stresses in 100-mm (4-in.) and 250-mm (10-in.) diam Schedule 80 piping weldments using strain-relief techniques. Both laboratory-welded specimens and field-welded specimens from reactors in service were studied. Axial bulk residualstress distributions were obtained at 45-deg intervals around the circumference. At each azimuthal position, the residual stresses were measured at seven axial positions: on the weld center line and 13, 20 and 25 mm to either side of the weld center line, on both the inside and outside surface. The specimens were parted out using a wire-feed electric-discharge machine, and the resulting strain relief was measured with electrical-resistance strain gages (120-deg rosettes). The bulk residual stresses obtained on the inside surface of the 100-mm weldments exhibit an oscillatory distribution with peak values above 275 MPa (40 ksi) and stress gradients normal to the weld on the order of 35 MPa/mm (127 ksi/in.).

11 citations