Temperature sensors and voltage references implemented in CMOS technology
Citations
366 citations
Cites background from "Temperature sensors and voltage ref..."
...If the bitstream in a given clock cycle is zero, is integrated, while is integrated if the bitstream is one....
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...The integrator operates in two phases....
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...In the case of a substrate PNP transistor, which is biased via its emitter, the resulting collector current is affected by the transistor’s current gain....
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...Nevertheless, most temperature sensors applied today are conventional sensors, such as thermistors or platinum resistors, which require separate readout circuitry....
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...In CMOS, substrate bipolar transistors can be used for this purpose [2]....
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338 citations
Cites background from "Temperature sensors and voltage ref..."
...There are a number of existing solutions for measuring on-die temperature [9], [10], with many based on the...
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125 citations
Additional excerpts
...As shown in [20], this spread is PTAT in nature, and can be cancelled simply by trimming the bias current used to generate , i....
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110 citations
Cites background from "Temperature sensors and voltage ref..."
...Because of their more ideal behavior and their lower sensitivity to stress [4], [1], substrate transistors are preferred for temperature sensing....
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...When such a transistor is operated at two different emitter currents, the difference in base-emitter voltage is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) [1]....
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...Dynamic element matching techniques can be applied to prevent mismatches between the transistors or current sources affecting the measurement [8], [1]....
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108 citations
References
635 citations
"Temperature sensors and voltage ref..." refers background in this paper
...Physically, the nonunity of can be explained from the temperature dependency of the depletion-layer width [13]....
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292 citations
"Temperature sensors and voltage ref..." refers methods in this paper
...Applying auto-zeroing [4], chopping technique [10], and auto-calibration [8] can solve these problems....
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...[10] showed how to reduce the offset problem, using a nested-chopper instrumentation amplifier....
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177 citations
"Temperature sensors and voltage ref..." refers background in this paper
...The stress-induced change in the characteristic of bipolar transistors is the main cause of the long-term drift and hysteresis during thermal cycling or humidity changing of bandgap references [5], [14]....
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...Regarding the long-term drift and instability of npn-transistor temperature sensors in [14], a value of about 0....
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...Using low-cost plastic packagin, the stress will vary over the range of 150 MPa [14], depending on temperature and long-term variations....
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156 citations
144 citations
"Temperature sensors and voltage ref..." refers methods in this paper
...I N CMOS technology, both MOS and bipolar transistors can be applied to generate the basic signals for temperature sensors and voltage references [1]–[4]....
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