Tension wood and opposite wood in 21 tropical rain forest species : 1. Occurence and efficiency of the G-layer
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...Different anatomical patterns of TW exist, from fibres with a typical G-layer to fibres exhibiting no difference at the fibre level (Clair et al., 2006; Ruelle et al., 2006, 2007)....
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...However, it is known that many species (Onaka, 1949; Fisher and Stevenson, 1981; Clair et al., 2006) are able to produce tensile stress without forming a typical G-layer....
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...As already shown earlier (Clair et al., 2006; Ruelle et al., 2006), the general relations between tensile stress level in tension wood and macroscopic anatomical variations are not visible, while observation at an ultrastructural level allows some common features in cellulose organization to be…...
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177 citations
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...Strain measurement on the stem surface in hardwood species indicated that the TW has up to 20 times higher tensile stress than the OW or NW (Fournier et al. 1994, Clair et al. 2006a, Clair et al. 2006b, Clair et al. 2006c)....
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...Recent studies showed that cellulose microfibrils of the G-layer accumulate residual strain of the same order of magnitude as that observed in TW, pointing to the major role of cellulose microfibrils in generation of growth strains (Clair et al. 2006b)....
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...It has been shown recently that the stress relaxation observed macroscopically on the stem surface corresponds to that observed at the nano level in cellulose microfibrils of the G-layer (Clair et al. 2006b)....
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...…that the structural differences between the reaction wood and the wood on the opposite side (so-called opposite wood, OW) induce different residual growth stresses of both sides of the stem, resulting in a bending moment (Fournier et al. 1994, Bamber 2001, Almeras et al. 2005, Clair et al. 2006a)....
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...This ‘‘G-layer’’ consists of almost pure cellulose, oriented parallel to the cell axis....
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...Interestingly, fibers containing a G-layer have been found also in other species that generate relatively slow moving organs, such as tendrils (Bowling and Vaughn 2009) or contractile roots of perennial plants (Fisher 2008, Schreiber et al. 2010), possibly pointing to a general principle of tensile stress generation by this stiff and highly expansible inner cell-wall layer (Goswami et al. 2008)....
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...Although the specific function of the G-layer in the generation of stress is still debated (Clair et al. 2008, Goswami et al. 2008, Mellerowicz et al. 2008), it is well established that the parallel orientation of the cellulose fibrils plays a crucial role and that very high tensile stresses in tension wood are associated with formation of the G-layer (Fang et al. 2008) (Fig....
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...Tropical tree species have recently been shown to possess several distinct types of reaction wood, with and without specialized cells containing a G-layer (Clair et al. 2006)....
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References
261 citations
"Tension wood and opposite wood in 2..." refers background in this paper
...lignification and formation of the secondary cell wall (Archer 1986; Fournier et al. 1994a)....
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...opposite to the external one induced by gravity and growth in mass (Wilson & Archer 1979; Archer 1986; Fournier et al. 1994b)....
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194 citations
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"Tension wood and opposite wood in 2..." refers background in this paper
...However, recent studies demonstrated the presence of lignins (Joseleau et al. 2004) in the G-layer....
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