Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi
TL;DR: This work reviews the production of terpenoid by endophytic fungi and their biological activities, in period of 2006 to 2010, when 127 terpenoids were isolated from endophytics fungi.
Abstract: This work reviews the production of terpenoids by endophytic fungi and their biological activities, in period of 2006 to 2010. Sixty five sesquiterpenes, 45 diterpenes, five meroterpenes and 12 other terpenes, amounting to 127 terpenoids were isolated from endophytic fungi.
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01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: Recently, the endophytic Corynespora cassiicola was found to produce potent antioxidant compounds corynesidones A and B, and corynether A, together with a known diaryl ether (LL-V125α) (Fig 18), as revealed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay.
Abstract: ion; it is believed to have antioxidant activity 11 times greater than trolox, a vitamin E derivative (Strobel et al. 2002, Harper et al. 2003). The endophytic Cephalosporium sp. IFB-E001 and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were isolated from host plants Trachelospermum jasminoides and Pilgerodendron uviferum respectively; both produced a phenolic metabolite graphislactone A (Fig18), which displayed potent in vitro antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity stronger than the standards, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (Hormazabal et al. 2005, Song et al. 2005). Huang et al. (2007) investigated the antioxidant capacities of endophytic fungal cultures of medicinal Chinese plants and its correlation to their total phenolic contents. They suggested that the phenolic content were the major antioxidant constituents of the endophytes (Huang et al. 2008a). The methanol extract of an endophyte Xylaria sp. isolated from the medicinal plant Ginkgo biloba exhibited strong antioxidant capacity due to the presence of “phenolics” and “flavonoids” among identified compounds (Liu et al. 2007). Recently, the endophytic Corynespora cassiicola was found to produce potent antioxidant compounds corynesidones A and B, and corynether A, together with a known diaryl ether (LL-V125α) (Fig 18), as revealed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay with units ranging between 4.35.9. Corynesidone B could also scavenge 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals with an IC50 22.4 μM, at the same activity as that of ascorbic acid. Beside antioxidant activity of corynesidone A, its exhibit aromatase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 5.30 μM; this activity magnitude is comparable to the first generation aromatase inhibitor drug, aminoglutethimide. Both antiaromatase and antioxidant activities of corynesidone A are interesting functions because this dual biological activity may be useful for cancer chemoprevention, particularly for breast cancer (Chomcheon et al. 2009). Also, the endophyte fungus Phyllosticta sp. isolated from Guazuma tomentosa was also found to exhibit strong antioxidant activity (Srinivasan et al. 2010). Zeng et al. (2011) Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/3 60 reported many of endophytic fungi as potential novel source of natural antioxidants from medicinal plant Scapania verrucosa. Antiviral Activities of Endophytic Fungi Many reports demonstrated the importance of endophytic fungi in production of antiviral agents, such as, cytonic acids A and B, novel human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease inhibitors, which had been isolated from solid-state fermentation of the endophytic fungus Cytonaema sp., )Guo et al. 2000). Investigation of endophytes associated with leaves of Quercus coccifera lead to isolation of the endophyte with the ability to synthesize hinnuliquinone, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (Singh et al. 2004). Endophytic isolates (582) with 360 morphologically distinct fungi were obtained from 81 Thai medicinal plant species. Extracts of 92 isolates could inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while 6 extracts inhibited Plasmodium falciparum, and strong anti-viral activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 was observed in 40 isolates (Wiyakrutta et al. 2004). Mellisol and 1,8-dihydroxynaphthol 1O-a-glucopyranoside were isolated from endophytic fungus Xylaria mellisii, which possess activity against herpes simplex virustype 1 (Pittayakhajonwut et al. 2005). Florke et al. (2006) reported antihepatitis C virus (HCV) activity of dihydroisocoumarin (R)-(-)-mellein (Fig 19). It inhibits HCV protease with an IC50 value of 35 mM. This compound had been isolated from a number of endophytic fungi, such as Pezicula livida, Plectophomella sp., and Cryptosporiopsis malicoticis (Krohn et al. 1997). Pullularins A (Fig 19), which had been isolated from ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus Pullularia sp., was also shown to have antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) with IC50 3.3 mg/ml (Isaka et al. 2007). Pestalotheol C (Fig 19), which was isolated from the endophyte Pestalotiopsis theae, was found to have anti-HIV properties (Li et al. 2008b). The aryl tetralin lignans, such as podophyllotoxin and its analogs showed antiviral and cytotoxicity activities and used as the precursor for many drugs for treatment cancer and viral infections, like etoposide, teniposide, and etopophos phosphate. Podophyllotoxin was found to produced by many endophytes: Trametes hirsute, Aspergillus fumigates, Phialocephala fortinii, and Fusarium oxysporum ( Eyberger et al. 2006, Puri et al. 2006, Kour et al. 2008, Kusari et al. 2009a). Arunpanichlert et al. (2010) investigated the secondary metabolites of endophytic fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum, and isolated the known compound (+)Sclerotiorin. (+)-Sclerotiorin (Fig 19) was evaluated for its inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 integrase and protease and for antifungal activity, and found to exhibit anti-HIV-1 integrase and protease activities with IC50 values of 45.88 and 198.41μM, respectively, and showed weak anti-fungal activity against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 202.53 and 101.26 μM, respectively. The endophyte Phomopsis sp., isolated from Musa acuminata, was found to produce hexaketide γ-lactones. Oblongolides Z, and 2deoxy-4α-hydroxyoblongolide X (Fig 19) showed anti-herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) activity IC50 values of 14 μM and 76 μM, respectively. Oblongolides Z exhibited comparable cytotoxic activity against KB, BC, NCI-H187, and nonmalignant Vero cell lines with IC50 values of 37, 26, 32, and 60μM, respectively (Bunyapaiboonsri et al. 2010). New chlorinated pupukeananes possessing a unique spiroketal peroxide skeleton, named chloropupukeanolides A (Fig 19), were isolated from endophytic Pestalotiopsis fici. This compound was found to inhibit HIV-1 replication in vitro in C8166 cells with an IC50 value of 6.9 μM, and showed cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines HeLa, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 16.9, 15.5 and 15.9μM, respectively (Liu et al. 2010a). Zhang et al. (2011) reported isolation and structure elucidation of Emerimidine A, and B (Fig 19) from culture of endophytic fungus Emericella sp., both of them showed moderate inhibition to Influenza virus H1 N1 with IC50 values of 42.07 mg/ml and 62.05 mg/ml respectively. Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/3 61 Fig. 19 – Structure of Antiviral Compounds isolated from some Endophytic Fungi Other Biological Activities of Endophytic Fungi Endophytic fungi are also known as producers of many other metabolites of biological interest, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-malarial and immunesuppressant agents, as well as insecticidal and antinematodes agents. Immunosuppressive drugs are used to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplantation, and could be used to treat autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and insulin-dependent diabetes. Lee et al. (1995a) reported endophytic Fusarium subglutinans can produce compounds (Subglutinol A and B) that can influence the immune system of animals. Subglutinol A (Fig 20) and B are noncytotoxic diterpene pyrones; both of compounds have IC50 values of 0.1 μM and were roughly as potent as the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A. The lack of toxicity associated with subglutinols A and B suggests that they could be use as immunosuppressant agents. Recently, the endophytic Pestalotiopsis leucothes isolated from Trypterygium wilfordii was found to produce compounds which have variable effects on Tand B-cells and monocyte, these compounds may represent a new source of immunomodulatory agents or for treatment of human immune mediated diseases (Kumar et al. 2005). A new compound named Collutelin A, has been isolated from endophytic Colletotrichum dematium and was shown to exhibit strong immunosuppressive activity as it inhibited CD4 (+) Tcell activation of Interleukin 2 production (Ren et al. 2008). Gliocladicillins A and B were reported as effective antitumor agents in vitro and in vivo, since they induced tumor cell apoptosis and showed significant inhibition on proliferation of melanoma B16 cells implanted into immunodeficient mice (Chen et al. 2009). Zhang et al. (1999) investigated the anti-diabetic activity of endophytic fungi by isolation of nonpeptidal L-783, 281 from an endophytic Pseudomassaria sp., this compound was found to act as insulin, with Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology Doi 10.5943/cream/2/1/3 62 advance that it is not destroyed in the digestive tract and may be given orally. Oral administration of L-783,281 in two mouse models of diabetes resulted in significant lowering of blood glucose levels, these results may lead to a new therapeutic agent for diabetes. Insulin-mimetic compound demethyl asterriquinone B-1 (Fig 20) has been isolated from culture of endophytic Pseudomassaria sp. (Salituro et al. 2001, Strobel 2002). Many reports indicated that endophytic fungi are capable of producting of antiinflammatory compounds, such as phomol and mevinic acid (Fig 20), which had been isolated from culture of the endophytic fungus Phomopsis. (Weber et al. 2004a). Both compounds showed strong anti-inflammatory activity. Phenylpropanoids compounds were reported to be isolated from endophytes; they have received more interest for medicinal applications as they have multifold activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties (Korkina 2007). Wang et al. (2010) reported isolation of four compounds (Epicoccins M & R, Entepicoccin G, and Diketopiperazine) that exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activities from cultures of endophytic Epicoccum nigrum. The compounds were found to inhibit the platelet activating factor-induced release of β-glucuronid
148 citations
TL;DR: This study is the first report about the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi residing in I. suffruticosa leaves, in which the fungus N. sphaerica demonstrated the ability to produce bioactive agents with pharmaceutical potential, and may provide a new lead in the pursuit of new biological sources of drug candidates.
Abstract: Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy leaves of Indigofera suffruticosa Miller, a medicinal plant found in Brazil, and used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. Among 65 endophytic fungi isolated, 18 fungi showed activity against at least one tested microorganism in preliminary screening, and the best results were obtained with the species Nigrospora sphaerica (URM-6060) and Pestalotiopsis maculans (URM-6061). However, after fermentation in liquid media (Potato Dextrose Broth, Saboraud, Malt Extract Broth and Eurimycin Production Medium), and in semisolid rice or corn culture media, only N. sphaerica demonstrated antibacterial activity (in Potato Dextrose Broth and in semisolid rice culture medium), as indicated by disk diffusion analysis. Methanolic extract of N. sphaerica (NsME) from rice culture medium and ethyl acetate extract of N. sphaerica (NsEAE) from supernatant of Potato Dextrose Broth exhibited antimicrobial against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. However the best result was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC 1.56 mg/mL and MBC 6.25 mg/mL for NsME and MIC 0.39 mg/ml and MBC 3.12 mg/mL for NsEAE. This study is the first report on antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi residing in I. suffruticosa leaves, in which the fungus N. sphaerica demonstrated the ability to produce bioactive agents with pharmaceutical potential, and may provide a new lead in the pursuit of new biological sources of drug candidates.
91 citations
TL;DR: Three new tetracyclic triterpenoids namely, integracides H (1), I (4), and J (5) have been isolated from the endophytic fungus Fusarium sp.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, integracides F (1 ) and G (2 ) have been isolated from the roots of Mentha longifolia L. (Labiatae) growing in Saudi Arabia, and their structures were established by UV, IR, 1D ( 1 H and 13 C), 2D (1 H- 1 H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR, and HRESIMS spectral data.
50 citations
TL;DR: Newly synthesized secondary metabolites of endophytes in terrestrial plants and their biological properties are presented and reviewed herein to assist scientists in the fields of phytochemistry, organic chemistry, and pharmacology.
Abstract: Plant-associated endophytic fungi are rich sources of novel bioactive and structurally diverse secondary metabolites and other natural products. Newly synthesized secondary metabolites of endophytes in terrestrial plants and their biological properties are presented and reviewed herein. The review highlights natural products from plant-associated fungal endophytes that demonstrate significant inhibition against pathogenic strains, human cancer cell lines and other biological targets. We have summarized 221 recently isolated, structurally diverse and novel secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites that failed to demonstrate activity in the bioassays are not included. The review is intended to assist scientists in the fields of phytochemistry, organic chemistry, and pharmacology.
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3,761 citations
"Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi" refers background in this paper
...Taxane diterpenoids (compounds 92–94), first discovered in the plant Taxus brevifolia [69], have now been widely reported as fungal compounds [35,38-54], although it seems that none of these incredible findings has been proved yet in an interlaboratory investigation....
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TL;DR: The prospects of finding new drugs that may be effective candidates for treating newly developing diseases in humans, plants, and animals are great and other applications in industry and agriculture may also be discovered among the novel products produced by endophytic microbes.
Abstract: Endophytic microorganisms are to be found in virtually every plant on earth. These organisms reside in the living tissues of the host plant and do so in a variety of relationships ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic. Endophytes may contribute to their host plant by producing a plethora of substances that provide protection and ultimately survival value to the plant. Ultimately, these compounds, once isolated and characterized, may also have potential for use in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. Novel antibiotics, antimycotics, immunosuppressants, and anticancer compounds are only a few examples of what has been found after the isolation and culturing of individual endophytes followed by purification and characterization of some of their natural products. The prospects of finding new drugs that may be effective candidates for treating newly developing diseases in humans, plants, and animals are great. Other applications in industry and agriculture may also be discovered among the novel products produced by endophytic microbes.
1,341 citations
"Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi" refers background in this paper
...The selection of the host plant is important factor for the production of endophytic fungi and the isolation of their bioactive secondary metabolites [12,14]....
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TL;DR: The structures of over 230 metabolites isolated and characterized from over 70 plant-associated microbial strains during the past four years are presented with information on their hosts, culture conditions, and biological activities.
Abstract: A growing body of evidence suggests that plant-associated microorganisms, especially endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria and fungi, represent a huge and largely untapped resource of natural products with chemical structures that have been optimized by evolution for biological and ecological relevance. A diverse array of bioactive small molecule natural products has been encountered in these microorganisms. The structures of over 230 metabolites isolated and characterized from over 70 plant-associated microbial strains during the past four years are presented with information on their hosts, culture conditions, and biological activities. Some significant biological and ecological implications of their occurrence are also reviewed.
922 citations
"Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi" refers background in this paper
...Molecules 2011, 16 10605 Recently, endophytes have been recognized as important sources of a variety of new biologically active secondary metabolites potentially useful for human medicine, with anticancer, antimicrobial and other activities [4,7,10-12], and also could be potential sources of novel natural products with industrial and agrochemical potential [5,13]....
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TL;DR: This review focuses on new endophyte-related findings in biology and ecology, and also summarises the various metabolites isolated from endophytes.
857 citations
"Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi" refers background in this paper
...Molecules 2011, 16 10605 Recently, endophytes have been recognized as important sources of a variety of new biologically active secondary metabolites potentially useful for human medicine, with anticancer, antimicrobial and other activities [4,7,10-12], and also could be potential sources of novel natural products with industrial and agrochemical potential [5,13]....
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TL;DR: The production of growth promoting factors and of metabolites useful in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industry is widespread among endophytic fungi, and their usefulness in agricultural and pharmaceutical research is briefly discussed.
Abstract: Endophytic fungi are a taxonomically and ecologically heterogenous group of organisms, mainly belonging to the Ascomycotina and Deuteromycotina. The isolation methods affect the species composition of the endophyte assemblage in a given host. The number of endophyte taxa isolated from a host species is usually large; however, only few, normally host specific species or strains are dominant. Endophyte assemblages are specific at the host species level, but species composition and frequencies are significantly affected by site-specific conditions. Moreover, the relative importance and number of endophytic species vary among individuals within sites. In some cases, each individual could be considered a separate ecosystem. In general, however, 40 individuals with 30 to 40 sampling units per organ and individual should be enough to detect 80% of taxa present in a given host at one site. Endophytes usually produce the enzymes necessary for the colonization of plant tissues. Substrate utilization studies and isozyme analysis have demonstrated that most endophytes are able to utilize most plant cell components. The production of growth promoting factors and of metabolites useful in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industry is widespread among endophytic fungi. The usefulness of endophytes in agricultural and pharmaceutical research is briefly discussed.
457 citations
"Terpenoids from Endophytic Fungi" refers background in this paper
...Introduction Endophytic microorganisms are bacteria or fungi that live inside plant tissues at any moment of their life cycle, without causing damage or disease symptoms to their hosts [1-5]....
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