The additive effect of bilingualism on third language acquisition: A review
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...A manual search of the reference lists of earlier reviews of the literature on bilingualism (e.g., Bialystok, 2002; Cenoz, 2003) was subsequently conducted....
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...switching cost (e.g., switching to L1 being harder than switching to L2), the latter did not, even when the difference in proficiency levels between the two languages tested in the experiment was large. Furthermore, highly proficient bilinguals were faster when naming the pictures in their less dominant language than in their dominant language. We argued that it is difficult to find a single unitary explanation for the performance of both groups of bilinguals in terms of the reactive inhibitory control proposed by Meuter and Allport (1999). We further argued that such a difference may be revealing differences in the types of mechanisms involved in lexical access for low and highly proficient bilinguals....
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...Some of these studies reveal that even when several important variables such as general intelligence or similarity between languages are controlled for, bilingual speakers show an advantage in learning an L3 (see Cenoz, 2003, for a review)....
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...…not limited to the two languages for which the bilingual is proficient, but they extend to other linguistic contexts, independent of the degree with which those contexts are mastered by the speaker (see Cenoz, 2003, for a review on third language acquisition by bilingual and monolingual speakers)....
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..., Cenoz & Valencia, 1994; Lasagabaster, 2000; Sanz, 2000). Some of these studies reveal that even when several important variables such as general intelligence or similarity between languages are controlled for, bilingual speakers show an advantage in learning an L3 (see Cenoz, 2003, for a review). Furthermore, differences in the acquisition of an L3 seem to correlate with the degree of bilingual proficiency. For example, the study of Sagasta (2003) showed that a higher level of bilingualism in Spanish– Basque bilinguals correlated with a better performance in acquiring English as an L3....
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339 citations
Cites background from "The additive effect of bilingualism..."
...We know that other multilingual individuals anecdotally report that language learning ‘gets easier’ the more languages an individual acquires (see Cenoz, 2003 and references therein)....
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321 citations
Cites background from "The additive effect of bilingualism..."
...Research has shown that at the level of the mental lexicon the L2 plays a key, perhaps dominant, role in L3 transfer (see Hammarberg, 2001; Cenoz, 2003; De Bot, 2004); however, few studies have attempted to model the so-called ‘L2 status factor’ at the level of L3 underlying morphosyntax....
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