The Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect Flight. III. Kinematics
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Cites background from "The Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect..."
...Moreover, the body angle and the stroke plane angle vary in accordance with the flight speed and flapping wing kinematics of biological flyers [1,28,29]....
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Cites background or methods or result from "The Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect..."
...Bennett (1970) conducted experiments with a dynamically scaled flapping model wing and showed that rotations alter aerodynamic forces at Reynolds numbers in the range 10 2 to approximately 10 3 . In a detailed overview of insect flight aerodynamics, Ellington (1984c) proposed a scheme to include wing rotation with translation in quasi-steady models....
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...Among insects, values of x̂0 are thought to lie between 0.25 and 0.5 (Ellington, 1984d), although very few studies have attempted to measure this parameter precisely....
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...To determine the validity of the quasi-steady 1094 assumption, Ellington (1984a) constructed the following logical argument....
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...In a detailed overview of insect flight aerodynamics, Ellington (1984c) proposed a scheme to include wing rotation with translation in quasi-steady models....
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...A quasi-steady treatment of the aerodynamic force due to wing rotation was derived by Fung (1969) (see also Theodorsen, 1935; Sedov, 1965; Ellington, 1984c ) for small-amplitude flutter on thin, rigid wings....
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Cites background or methods or result from "The Aerodynamics of Hovering Insect..."
...…2 ν −1 AR −1 , where Φ is stroke amplitude, n is wingbeat frequency, R is wing length, ν is kinematic viscosity, aspect ratio AR is 4R 2 S −1 and S is the surface area of a wing pair; Ellington, 1984c) and the reduced frequency parameter (body velocity/wing velocity) constant (Spedding, 1993)....
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...It is worth noting that the range of CD – values is much higher than has been previously reported for Drosophila virilis wings under steady-state conditions (Vogel, 1967) or estimated on the basis of Reynolds number (CD≈0.7; Ellington, 1984c)....
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...From the forces on each wing, we calculated the corresponding mean force coefficients using an equation derived from blade element theory (Ellington, 1984c; Dickinson et al., 1999): where F – is the magnitude of a specific force component (lift, drag, radial, total) averaged over the stroke, Φ is…...
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...These patterns were chosen because they roughly approximate patterns described for a variety of insects (Ellington, 1984b; Zanker, 1990a)....
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...The waveform was smoothed to minimize inertial accelerations during stroke reversal and to match more closely published stroke kinematics from a variety of insects (Ellington, 1984b; Zanker, 1990a)....
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References
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