scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

The Airborne Demonstrator for the Direct-Detection Doppler Wind Lidar ALADIN on ADM-Aeolus. Part I: Instrument Design and Comparison to Satellite Instrument

01 Dec 2009-Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (American Meteorological Society)-Vol. 26, Iss: 12, pp 2501-2515
TL;DR: In this article, the European Space Agency (ESA) decided to implement a Doppler wind lidar mission called the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) to demonstrate the potential of the doppler lidar technology and the expected impact on numerical weather forecasting.
Abstract: The global observation of profiles of the atmospheric wind speed is the highest-priority unmet need for global numerical weather prediction. Satellite Doppler lidar is the most promising candidate to meet the requirements on global wind profile observations with high vertical resolution, precision, and accuracy. The European Space Agency (ESA) decided to implement a Doppler wind lidar mission called the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) to demonstrate the potential of the Doppler lidar technology and the expected impact on numerical weather forecasting. An airborne prototype of the instrument on ADM-Aeolus was developed to validate the instrument concept and retrieval algorithms with realistic atmospheric observations before the satellite launch. It is the first airborne direct-detection Doppler lidar for atmospheric observations, and it is operating at an ultraviolet wavelength of 355 nm. The optical design is described in detail, including the single-frequency pulsed laser and th...

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report

Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed in-situ measurements of volcanic ash plumes over Europe between Southern Germany and Iceland with the Falcon aircraft during the eruption period of the Eyjafjalla volcano between 19 April and 18 May 2010.
Abstract: . Airborne lidar and in-situ measurements of aerosols and trace gases were performed in volcanic ash plumes over Europe between Southern Germany and Iceland with the Falcon aircraft during the eruption period of the Eyjafjalla volcano between 19 April and 18 May 2010. Flight planning and measurement analyses were supported by a refined Meteosat ash product and trajectory model analysis. The volcanic ash plume was observed with lidar directly over the volcano and up to a distance of 2700 km downwind, and up to 120 h plume ages. Aged ash layers were between a few 100 m to 3 km deep, occurred between 1 and 7 km altitude, and were typically 100 to 300 km wide. Particles collected by impactors had diameters up to 20 μm diameter, with size and age dependent composition. Ash mass concentrations were derived from optical particle spectrometers for a particle density of 2.6 g cm−3 and various values of the refractive index (RI, real part: 1.59; 3 values for the imaginary part: 0, 0.004 and 0.008). The mass concentrations, effective diameters and related optical properties were compared with ground-based lidar observations. Theoretical considerations of particle sedimentation constrain the particle diameters to those obtained for the lower RI values. The ash mass concentration results have an uncertainty of a factor of two. The maximum ash mass concentration encountered during the 17 flights with 34 ash plume penetrations was below 1 mg m−3. The Falcon flew in ash clouds up to about 0.8 mg m−3 for a few minutes and in an ash cloud with approximately 0.2 mg m−3 mean-concentration for about one hour without engine damage. The ash plumes were rather dry and correlated with considerable CO and SO2 increases and O3 decreases. To first order, ash concentration and SO2 mixing ratio in the plumes decreased by a factor of two within less than a day. In fresh plumes, the SO2 and CO concentration increases were correlated with the ash mass concentration. The ash plumes were often visible slantwise as faint dark layers, even for concentrations below 0.1 mg m−3. The large abundance of volatile Aitken mode particles suggests previous nucleation of sulfuric acid droplets. The effective diameters range between 0.2 and 3 μm with considerable surface and volume contributions from the Aitken and coarse mode aerosol, respectively. The distal ash mass flux on 2 May was of the order of 500 (240–1600) kg s−1. The volcano induced about 10 (2.5–50) Tg of distal ash mass and about 3 (0.6–23) Tg of SO2 during the whole eruption period. The results of the Falcon flights were used to support the responsible agencies in their decisions concerning air traffic in the presence of volcanic ash.

301 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an aerosol mask was developed that is capable to identify complex stratifications with different aerosol types throughout the atmosphere using high-spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) data.
Abstract: . During four aircraft field experiments with the DLR research aircraft Falcon in 1998 (LACE), 2006 (SAMUM-1) and 2008 (SAMUM-2 and EUCAARI), airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and in situ measurements of aerosol microphysical and optical properties were performed. Altogether, the properties of six different aerosol types and aerosol mixtures – Saharan mineral dust, Saharan dust mixtures, Canadian biomass burning aerosol, African biomass burning mixture, anthropogenic pollution aerosol, and marine aerosol have been studied. On the basis of this extensive HSRL data set, we present an aerosol classification scheme which is also capable to identify mixtures of different aerosol types. We calculated mixing lines that allowed us to determine the contributing aerosol types. The aerosol classification scheme was supported by backward trajectory analysis and validated with in-situ measurements. Our results demonstrate that the developed aerosol mask is capable to identify complex stratifications with different aerosol types throughout the atmosphere.

204 citations


Cites methods from "The Airborne Demonstrator for the D..."

  • ...The ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) instrument (Reitebuch et al., 2009) will be the key instrument of the ESA ACPD 12, 25983–26028, 2012 Airborne high spectral resolution lidar observations S. Groß et al. Title Page Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures ◭ ◮ ◭…...

    [...]

  • ...The ALADIN (Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument) instrument (Reitebuch et al., 2009) will be the key instrument of the ESA Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) and is expected for launch in 2015....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The European Space Agency (ESA)'s Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) Doppler wind lidar (DWL), now scheduled for launch in 2015, will be a major milestone as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The three-dimensional global wind field is the most important remaining measurement needed to accurately assess the dynamics of the atmosphere. Wind information in the tropics, high latitudes, and stratosphere is particularly deficient. Furthermore, only a small fraction of the atmosphere is sampled in terms of wind profiles. This limits our ability to optimally specify initial conditions for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and our understanding of several key climate change issues. Because of its extensive wind measurement heritage (since 1968) and especially the rapid recent technology advances, Doppler lidar has reached a level of maturity required for a space-based mission. The European Space Agency (ESA)'s Atmospheric Dynamics Mission Aeolus (ADM-Aeolus) Doppler wind lidar (DWL), now scheduled for launch in 2015, will be a major milestone. This paper reviews the expected impact of DWL measurements on NWP and climate research, measurement concepts, and the recent advances in technology that ...

121 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) explored the impact of diabatic processes on disturbances of the jet stream and their influence on downstream high-impact weather through the deployment of four research aircraft, each with a sophisticated set of remote-sensing and in situ instruments, and coordinated with a suite of ground-based measurements as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Multi-aircraft and ground-based observations were made over the North Atlantic in fall 2016 to investigate the importance of diabatic processes for midlatitude weather. The North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment (NAWDEX) explored the impact of diabatic processes on disturbances of the jet stream and their influence on downstream high-impact weather through the deployment of four research aircraft, each with a sophisticated set of remote-sensing and in situ instruments, and coordinated with a suite of ground-based measurements. A total of 49 research flights were performed, including, for the first time, coordinated flights of the four aircraft; the German High Altitude and LOng Range Research Aircraft (HALO), the Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Dassault Falcon 20, the French Service des Avions Francais Instrumentes pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE) Falcon 20, and the British Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe 146. The observation period from 17 Sep to 22 Oct 2016 with frequently occurring extratropical and tropical cyclones was ideal to investigate midlatitude weather over the North Atlantic. NAWDEX featured three sequences of upstream triggers of waveguide disturbances, their dynamic interaction with the jet stream, subsequent development, and eventual downstream weather impact on Europe. Examples are presented to highlight the wealth of phenomena that were sampled, the comprehensive coverage and the multi-faceted nature of the measurements. This unique dataset forms the basis for future case studies and detailed evaluations of weather and climate predictions to improve our understanding of diabatic influences on Rossby waves and downstream impact of weather systems affecting Europe.

88 citations


Cites background from "The Airborne Demonstrator for the D..."

  • ...The European dipole block (cf. Rex 1950) is well established at this time so that the ridge R8 and the cyclonic PV anomaly over Iceland are held stationary and a PV filament forms in the deformation region on their western side....

    [...]

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, a Doppler wind lidar mission named Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus is proposed to provide vertical profiles from ground up to the lower stratosphere of one component of the horizontal wind vector, which is perpendicular to the flight track.
Abstract: Measurements of winds throughout the atmosphere are crucial for both numerical weather prediction and for climate studies. Nevertheless, observations of height profiles of the global wind field are lacking. Thus the European Space Agency decided to establish a Doppler wind lidar mission named Atmospheric Dynamics Mission ADM-Aeolus. The mission will provide vertical profiles from ground up to the lower stratosphere of one component of the horizontal wind vector, which is perpendicular to the flight track. Pre-launch validation of the instrument with an airborne prototype was performed by DLR.

82 citations

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of a model kinetic equation used for describing the density fluctuation spectrum in molecular gases was analyzed in detail in the kinetic regime, in the case of molecular gases.
Abstract: We analyze in detail, in the kinetic regime, the behavior of a model kinetic equation previously used by us for the description of the density fluctuation spectrum in molecular gases. We find that ...

295 citations


"The Airborne Demonstrator for the D..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...…for atmospheric temperature and pressure has to be performed for Rayleigh wind retrievals (Dabas et al. 2008) because of the temperaturedependent broadening of the Rayleigh line, which is proportional to ffiffiffiffi T p , modified by the pressure dependent Brillouin scattering (Tenti et al. 1974)....

    [...]

  • ...…which is caused by the D ow nloaded from http://journals.am etsoc.org/jtech/article-pdf/26/12/2501/3335939/2009jtecha1309_1.pdf by guest on 24 Septem ber 2020 thermal Brownian movement of the molecules modified by Brillouin scattering in the atmosphere (Tenti et al. 1974; Dabas et al. 2008)....

    [...]

  • ...thermal Brownian movement of the molecules modified by Brillouin scattering in the atmosphere (Tenti et al. 1974; Dabas et al. 2008)....

    [...]

  • ...T p , modified by the pressure dependent Brillouin scattering (Tenti et al. 1974)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Atmospheric Dynamics Mission (ADM) as discussed by the authors demonstrated measurements of vertical wind profiles from space using a high-performance Doppler wind lidar based on direct-detection interferometric techniques.
Abstract: The prime aim of the Atmospheric Dynamics Mission is to demonstrate measurements of vertical wind profiles from space. Extensive studies conducted by the European Space Agency over the past 15 years have culminated in the selection of a high-performance Doppler wind lidar based on direct-detection interferometric techniques. Such a system, with a pulsed laser operating at 355-nm wavelength, would utilize both Rayleigh scattering from molecules and Mie scattering from thin cloud and aerosol particles; measurement of the residual Doppler shift from successive levels in the atmosphere provides the vertical wind profiles. The lidar would be accommodated on a satellite flying in a sun-synchronous orbit, at an altitude of ~400 km, providing near-global coverage; target date for launch is in 2007. Processing of the backscatter signals will provide about 3000 globally distributed wind profiles per day, above thick clouds or down to the surface in clear air, at typically 200-km separation along the satellite track...

263 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a Doppler Lidar is used to measure the wave-mean flow interaction in the middle atmosphere using Rayleigh scattering from air molecules, which is designed to cover the height range 25-60 km, where radars cannot operate.
Abstract: The possibility of measuring winds in the middle atmosphere with a Doppler lidar has just been demonstrated. It is aimed at studying the wave-mean flow interaction, when used is association with the Rayleigh lidar providing density and temperature profiles and their fluctuations. The new Doppler lidar relies on the Rayleigh scattering from air molecules is designed to cover the height range 25-60 km, a region where radars cannot operate. The Doppler shift to the backscattered echo is measured by inter-comparing the signal detected through each of the two high-resolution, narrow band-pass Fabry-Perot interferometers tuned on either side of the emitted laser line.

232 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a high-performance airborne water vapor differential absorption lidar has been developed during the past years, which uses a four-wavelength/three-absorption line measurement scheme in the 935 nm H2O absorption band to cover the whole troposphere and lower stratosphere simultaneously.
Abstract: A high-performance airborne water vapor differential absorption lidar has been developed during the past years. This system uses a four-wavelength/three-absorption line measurement scheme in the 935 nm H2O absorption band to cover the whole troposphere and lower stratosphere simultaneously. Additional high spectral resolution aerosol and depolarization channels allow precise aerosol characterization. This system is intended to demonstrate a future space-borne instrument. For the first time, it realizes an output power of up to 12 W at a high wall-plug efficiency using diode-pumped solid-state lasers and nonlinear conversion techniques. Special attention was given to a rugged optical layout. This paper describes the system layout and technical realization. Key performance parameters are given for the different subsystems.

205 citations


"The Airborne Demonstrator for the D..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The A2D laser uses an injection-seeded master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configuration, which is similar to single-frequency laser designs for airborne applications described by Hovis et al. (2008) and Wirth et al. (2009)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The frequency shift measurement insensitive to both laser and filter frequency jitter and drift is shown to be insensitive to the laser width and shape for widths that are less than the half-width of the edge filter.
Abstract: The edge technique is a new and powerful method for measuring small frequency shifts. With the edge technique a laser is located on the steep slope of a high-resolution spectral filter, which produces large changes in transmission for small frequency shifts. A differential technique renders the frequency shift measurement insensitive to both laser and filter frequency jitter and drift. The measurement is shown to be insensitive to the laser width and shape for widths that are less than the half-width of the edge filter. The theory of the measurement is given with application to the lidar measurement of wind. The edge technique can be used to measure wind with a lidar by using either the aerosol or molecular backscattered signal. Examples of both measurements are presented. Simulations for a ground-based lidar at 1.06 microm using reasonable instrumental parameters are used to show an accuracy for the vector components of the wind that is better than 0.5 m/s from the ground to an altitude of 20 km for a 100-m vertical resolution and a 100-shot average. For a 20-m vertical resolution and a 10-shot average, simulations show an accuracy of better than 0.2 m/s in the first 2 km and better than 0.5 m/s to 5 km.

175 citations


"The Airborne Demonstrator for the D..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...…et al. (1989) and Garnier and Chanin (1992) for stratospheric winds using the broadband molecular return with a laser wavelength of 532 nm and by Korb et al. (1992, 1998) and Gentry et al. (2000) for tropospheric winds using laser wavelengths of 1064 and 532 nm for the narrowband aerosol return…...

    [...]

  • ...…filters and determine the Doppler frequency shift from the transmitted signal strength through this filter, which is called the edge technique (Korb et al. 1992, 1998; McKay 1998a; Flesia and Korb 1999), or from the radial angular distribution or spatial movement of the interference patterns…...

    [...]