The archaeology of knowledge
01 Sep 1989-pp 227-260
TL;DR: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now as mentioned in this paper, and book is the window to open the new world.
Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
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04 Jul 2013TL;DR: Nietzsche, the so-called herald of the 'philosophy of the future' as mentioned in this paper, dealt with the past on nearly every page of his writing and was concerned with how past values, cultural practices and institutions influence the present -he was plainly aware that any attempt to understand that influence encounters many metahistorical problems.
Abstract: Nietzsche, the so-called herald of the 'philosophy of the future', nevertheless dealt with the past on nearly every page of his writing. Not only was he concerned with how past values, cultural practices and institutions influence the present - he was plainly aware that any attempt to understand that influence encounters many meta-historical problems. This comprehensive and lucid exposition of the development of Nietzsche's philosophy of history explores how Nietzsche thought about history and historiography throughout his life and how it affected his most fundamental ideas. Discussion of the whole span of Nietzsche's writings, from his earliest publications as a classical philologist to his later genealogical and autobiographical projects, is interwoven with careful analysis of his own forms of writing history, the nineteenth-century paradigms which he critiqued, and the twentieth-century views which he anticipated. The book will be of much interest to scholars of Nietzsche and of nineteenth-century philosophy.
38 citations
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: How QOL is used in the health economic analyses that are increasingly guiding resource allocation in the UK and addresses the ethical and methodological problems of asking "healthy" people and health professionals to value the lives of people with disabilities are addressed.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Introduction
Describes my personal engagement with QOL measurement and disability. Situates research in a theoretical context by reviewing literature on the anthropologies of disability, audit, medicine, the body, and science and technology. Introduces dystonia and my field sites and briefly describes healthcare provision in the UK (including the role of the National Institute of Clinical Evidence).
Section 1: Experiences of people living with dystonia
Chapter 2 Living with dystonia
Briefly reviews anthropological and sociological literature on living with a chronic illness, before focusing on the themes that characterise the experience of dystonia (understanding and representing changes in the body, obtaining a diagnosis and maintaining relations of trust with doctors, communicating dystonia to others, responding to dystonia, and external responses to dystonia).
Chapter 3 Stories from people living with dystonia
Explores the themes identified in chapter 2, using six stories to give a sense of how dystonia is integrated into people's lives. Looks at how people use narrative to make sense of illness and give it personal meaning and explores methodological problems with using narrative.
Section 2: Encounters with bureaucracy
Chapter 4 Encounters with medicine: Derek's story
Examines individual encounters with medical bureaucracy through the story of Derek, an intelligent and articulate man with generalised dystonia. His story is contextualised by other interviews and accounts from people living with dystonia, and sociological and anthropological literature on "doctor-patient relations".
Chapter 5 Professional or bureaucratic?: The dilemma of the Dystonia Society Examines the Dystonia Society (the main patient support organisation for people living with dystonia), which is an influential actor in the networks explored in chapter 6. Describes its history, culture, and relationship with members, and looks at how it constructs "the voice of people living with dystonia" in fundraising and media campaigns.
Chapter 6 "Partnerships for progress"?
Explores the relationships between pharmaceutical companies, patient support organisations, doctors, and the government, and their mediation through QOL, using ethnography from national and international meetings of neurologists, neurological patient support organisations, and QOL researchers. Treats QOL (and its related discourse on "the patients' voice") as a "boundary object" around which diverse alliances can form and explores these further in the context of submissions to the National Institute of Clinical Excellence.
Section 3: Quality of life
Chapter 7 Defining and measuring QOL
Examines how the discipline of QOL research has expanded and professionalised, and constructs a "genealogy" of QOL to explore the links between its psychometric ancestry and the expansion of statistics and eugenics in the nineteenth century. Looks at the implications of definitions of QOL and assumptions underlying different measures. Explores how they are used in the health economic analyses that are increasingly guiding resource allocation in the UK and addresses the ethical and methodological problems of asking "healthy" people and health professionals to value the lives of people with disabilities.
Chapter 8 An ethnography of QOL measurement
Describes how measures of QOL are created and used, using ethnography from fieldwork on a multiple sclerosis-specific QOL measure and a European survey of the QOL of people living with dystonia.
Chapter 9 Realising the potential of QOL: The World Health Organisation
Uses the example of the WHO to demonstrate the double-edged nature ofQOL by examining three projects: a multilingual, multidimensional QOL measure to be used internationally with "healthy'' and sick populations; a universal classification of health (the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health); and the Global Burden of Disease Project, which uses health economic analyses to set international priorities for health spending using the Disability Adjusted Life Year.
Conclusion
Addresses key questions explored in the thesis, specifically how the rhetorics of QOL and the "voice of the patient" are used as resources in the struggles of doctors, patient support organisations, and pharmaceuticals; how QOL measures can represent "invisible" conditions like dystonia and make them visible and accountable; whether QOL measurement is an example of medicalisation and/or the extension of audit culture into health, and, finally, whether the voices of patients are currently being heard and what can be done to facilitate this.
38 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, a more complex and nuanced analysis of the political history of Iraq is presented, focusing on four key periods in the history of the country and highlighting its long struggle towards egalitarianism, collective governance and democratic reform.
Abstract: The discourses of ‘Western democracy’ and ‘Oriental despotism’ provide for us a
lens through which to view both contemporary political developments and the
ideological and historical context in which they occur. Illuminating this optic is a
particular vision of the past in which the West imagines itself to have an exclusive
claim to democracy, to be the legitimate legatee of this advanced form of governance
and burdened with the responsibility of spreading this doctrine amongst the
uncivilised ‘lesser breeds’. Paradoxically, the political history of the East is viewed
as a dark and brutal wasteland in which megalomania, tyranny and bloodshed has
always triumphed, creating a cultural and historical landscape that is antithetical to
inclusion, diversity and debate. This project therefore begins by documenting the
genealogy of the juxtaposition between these ‘discourses of democracy’, tracing
their twin histories back through many of the seminal texts of the Western scholarly
and literary canon. Moving forward, it notes that this lens has often been brought to
bear on the political history of Iraq, reducing the complexities of Iraqi politics down
to an austere picture in which the benighted and savage Iraqis are seen as simply
incapable of civilising, modernising or democratising. Most recently, the Western
mainstream media has invoked this long-held and deep-seated picture of Iraq in its
coverage of the democratic elections and referendum held across the nation in 2005.
Here, the successes and complexities of post-Saddam Iraqi politics were covered in a
highly racialist and overly dismissive lexicon, one that emphasised the political
ineptitude of Iraq despite the best efforts of the West.
In order to see beyond the doctored image provided for us by the ‘discourses of
democracy’, this thesis utilises a body of work referred to here as critical theory. By
employing such scholarship, this project navigates between ‘Western democracy’
and ‘Oriental despotism’, it investigates their internal contradictions, identifies the
gaps and fissures that fall between them and illuminates alternate histories and
narratives of democracy as they pertain to Iraq. To develop this more complex and
nuanced picture of Iraqi politics, this project focuses on four key periods in the
history of Iraq that demonstrate the nation’s long struggle towards egalitarianism,
collective governance and democratic reform. Beginning with ancient Mesopotamia,
this study finds the political system of ‘Primitive Democracy’ in widespread use
across the region from the very earliest days of civilisation itself. During the
Colonial period (1921-1958) we find that despite British occupation and Hashemite
hegemony, the Iraqi populace nonetheless fosters a thriving public sphere of political
dissent and pro-democracy movements. This continues throughout the series of
oppressive regimes that constitute Post-colonial Iraq (1958-2003) where the central
state’s manipulation of the ‘discourses of democracy’ ultimately undermines their
authority and provides the vacuum in which various ethno-religious political factions
emerge and strengthen. Finally, Re-colonial Iraq (2003-2005) is not only witness to
extensive attempts by both foreign and domestic powers to control the parameters of
debate and discourse, it is also home to an unprecedented spike in political parties
and media outlets keen to encourage a more inclusive political order. A more
thorough analysis of Iraq’s political history therefore reveals an alternative and more
complex lens through which to view Iraq’s past and present. On the one hand it
illuminates the Iraqi people’s resistance to oppression and tyranny as well as their
struggle towards a more robust and democratic order. On the other, it brings to light
various questions about the democratic nature of the West, undermining its claims of
democratic exclusivity and probing its potential as a force of tyranny and despotism.
This study concludes with an examination of the implications and questions it raises
and by identifying recommendations and opportunities for future research. Foremost
amongst these however, is the projects final assertion that further work needs to be
done in order to salvage democracy from discourse. It argues that we need to move
beyond the reductive and simplistic ideologies implicit in the existing ‘discourses of
democracy’ towards a more inclusive and robust narrative, one that includes
marginalised movements, histories and stories. This would not only help to see
beyond the lens provided for us by ‘Western democracy’ and ‘Oriental despotism’ as
it pertains to Iraq, but to develop a more kaleidoscopic image of democracy itself.
38 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the historical succession of theoretical frameworks on students' active participation in their own literacy learning, and in particular the metatheoretical assumptions that justify those frameworks, and used motivation and engagement as focal topics by which to trace this history because of their conceptual proximity to active literacy participation.
Abstract: In this review of literacy education research in North America over the past century, the authors examined the historical succession of theoretical frameworks on students’ active participation in their own literacy learning, and in particular the metatheoretical assumptions that justify those frameworks The authors used motivation and engagement as focal topics by which to trace this history because of their conceptual proximity to active literacy participation They mapped the uses of motivation and engagement in the major literacy journals and handbooks over the past century, constructed a grounded typology of theoretical assumptions about literate agency and its development to code those uses, and reviewed similar histories of theoretical frameworks in educational, psychological, philosophical, and literary scholarship to draft a narrative history of the emergence of engaged literacies
38 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...…(Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 2006; Engeström, 1987/2015; Rogoff, 2003; Vygotsky, 1978); Frankfurt School critical theory and postpositivist philosophy (Foucault, 1982; Habermas, 1985; Rorty, 1979); poststructural and postmodern literary theory (Derrida, 1967/1997; Eagleton, 1996; Halliday & Hasan,…...
[...]
...The historiographical value of such scholarly metanarratives is substantiated within the larger domain of intellectual history or genealogy of ideas (Fallace, 2015; Foucault, 1982; Lovejoy, 1964; Monaghan & Hartman, 2000)....
[...]
01 Jan 2013
38 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...…social research is Russian structuralist and, later, French poststructuralist (Barthes, 1977; Culler, 2002; Genette, 1979; Todorov, 1990), postmodern (Foucault, 1972; Lyotard, 1984), psychoanalytic (Lacan, 1977) and deconstructionist (Derrida, 1977) approaches to narrative within the humanities....
[...]
...The second academic antecedent to contemporary narrative social research is Russian structuralist and, later, French poststructuralist (Barthes, 1977; Culler, 2002; Genette, 1979; Todorov, 1990), postmodern (Foucault, 1972; Lyotard, 1984), psychoanalytic (Lacan, 1977) and deconstructionist (Derrida, 1977) approaches to narrative within the humanities....
[...]
References
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
TL;DR: A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale, and the usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three publishedinterpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature.
Abstract: This article discusses the conduct and evaluatoin of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflect and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.
5,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star as mentioned in this paper explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world and examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary.
Abstract: What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.
4,480 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor, and their entailments are discussed and evaluated, and the question of theoretical unification of research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
Abstract: This article is a sequel to the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher in volume 25, number 4. The author’s first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor. Subsequently, their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
3,660 citations
TL;DR: Problematization is proposed as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.
Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that what makes a theory interesting and influential is that it challenges our assumptions in some significant way. However, established ways for arriving at research questions mean spotting or constructing gaps in existing theories rather than challenging their assumptions. We propose problematization as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.
1,126 citations