The archaeology of knowledge

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139172141.008

Home
/
Papers
/
The archaeology of knowledge

Book Chapter•DOI•

The archaeology of knowledge

01 Sep 1989-pp 227-260

TL;DR: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now as mentioned in this paper, and book is the window to open the new world.

read less

Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

...read moreread less

Citations

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Journal Article•DOI•

Writing for the anti-tourist? Imagining the contemporary travel magazine reader as an authentic experience seeker

[...]

Madelene McWha¹, Warwick Frost¹, Jennifer Laing¹, Gary Best¹•Institutions (1)

La Trobe University¹

02 Jan 2016-Current Issues in Tourism

TL;DR: In this paper, the tourist-versus-traveller dichotomy and the promise of authentic cultural experiences are explored in contemporary travel magazine feature writing, and the authors suggest that these writers have an imagined archetypal anti-tourist reader in mind.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Contemporary travel magazine feature writing has received little attention in the academic literature to date, despite the fact that these writers have a persuasive power to mediate foreign cultures and destinations and could potentially act as agents of positive social change. In this article, 12 internationally published and distributed contemporary travel magazine articles have been subjected to a critical discourse analysis contributing to the theory of the mediating power of texts with respect to the conceptualization of tourism identities. Two prominent tourism discourses emerge, the tourist-versus-traveller dichotomy and the promise of authentic cultural experiences, which portray both the writer and the imagined reader as an anti-tourist (perhaps denying their contribution to the tourism industry). The findings suggest that these writers have an imagined archetypal anti-tourist reader in mind, who seeks authentic experiences that are immersed in traditional customs. These discourses lead these aut...

...read moreread less

36 citations

Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

...(Dunlop, 2011, p. 178) Dann (1999, p. 162) argued that travel writing appeals to the ‘anti-tourist in all of us’ as the experiences of the authors are constructed as different to those that are available to ordinary people....
[...]
...(Dunlop, 2011, p. 176) In the articles, the traveller is embraced as a friend and is welcomed by the host community....
[...]
...…the notion that the traveller is gaining access to more authentic experiences, where the villagers trust in the traveller and give them ‘permission’ to visit a sacred site, where ‘hidden in caves’, the ‘pile of human skulls . . . remnants of a bygone era’ are witnessed (Dunlop, 2011, p. 178)....
[...]
...(Dunlop, 2011, p. 178) Difference is further emphasized in the articles by addressing the prominent touristic desire to escape the norm, describing alien-like landscapes....
[...]
...There are consistent references to getting off the beaten track and going to inaccessible or hard to reach destinations that are ‘remote’ (Dunlop, 2011, p. 178), ‘rare’ and ‘isolated’ (Hack, 2011, p. 75)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Psychobiography and the Psychology of Science: Understanding Relations Between the Life and Work of Individual Psychologists

[...]

William McKinley Runyan¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

01 Jun 2006-Review of General Psychology

TL;DR: The authors presented initial interpretive hypotheses about connections between the life and work of a number of eminent psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Henry Murray, B. F. Skinner, and Paul Meehl.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This paper presents initial interpretive hypotheses about connections between the life and work of a number of eminent psychologists: Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Henry Murray, B. F. Skinner, and Paul Meehl. Each of these interpretations can be critically evaluated, revised and improved, leading to incrementally more adequate understanding of individual lives, interacting with advances in psychological theory and research. Psychobiographical studies of individual scientists are a valuable complement to experimental and correlational lines of research in the psychology of science. In the “Science Wars” of the 1990s, there was an apparent conflict between scientists and those in social studies of science. The psychology of science can contribute to this debate, exploring the ways in which scientific inquiry, social-political worlds, and personal-experiential processes construct each other over time.

...read moreread less

36 citations

Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

...This paper discussed the views of Edwin G. Boring, foremost historian of experimental psychology, and of Michel Fou- cault, usually seen as a postmodern constructivist and a critic of personal-biographical approaches to the history of science....
[...]
...I will not attempt a comprehensive review here, but rather discuss the views of two individuals with views at the two ends of the continuum: first, a sophisticated advocate of biography in the history of psychology, Edwin Boring, and second, a major postmodernist critic of personal-experiential approaches to the history of science, Michel Foucault....
[...]
...An extreme case of this is in the work of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) who has been enormously influential in the history and social studies of science. He and many others emphasize the ways in which science is socially, politically, economically, culturally, materially, and historically constructed. These are important perspectives, sometimes supported with exquisitely detailed social analysis of topics in the history of science (Galison, 1997; Shapin & Shaffer, 1989). They can open one’s eyes to processes previously not seen or attended to. Foucault often denied the relevance of the personal or psychological and said that what counts is the political aspect of his work. This view was expressed through most of his career with an unexpected change at the end. I will discuss a few elements of his work because he is one of the most influential postmodern historians and critics of the human sciences. In a 1969 interview about his book The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969), Foucault said he absolutely refuses the psychological and wants to focus on discourse itself without “looking underneath discourse for the thought of man” (Foucault, 1996, p....
[...]
...An extreme case of this is in the work of Michel Foucault (1926-1984) who has been enormously influential in the history and social studies of science....
[...]
...Michel Foucault....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Making women terrorists into “Jihadi brides”: an analysis of media narratives on women joining ISIS

[...]

Alice Martini¹•Institutions (1)

Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies¹

07 Mar 2018-Critical Studies on Terrorism

TL;DR: Although the involvement of women in terrorist activities is not new, it is still considered to be an exceptional phenomenon as discussed by the authors and the figure of a woman militant contradicts the main gender construction.

...read moreread less

Abstract: Although the involvement of women in terrorist activities is not new, it is still considered to be an exceptional phenomenon. The figure of a woman militant contradicts the main gender construction...

...read moreread less

36 citations

Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

...The discourse on gender constructs “a regime of truth” on biological differences (Foucault 2002, 49) and assigns fixed behaviours and attitudes (Sjoberg and Tickner 2013; Wilcox 2007)....
[...]
...As Enloe argues (as quoted in Weldes 2006, 185), we must search for power in unconventional and unexpected places – e.g. the media – because power “is everywhere: not that it engulfs everything, but that it comes from everywhere” (Foucault 2002, 121–122)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Counter-Discourse Activism on Social Media: The Case of Challenging Poverty Porn Television

[...]

Tom Feltwell¹, John Vines¹, Karen Salt², Mark Blythe¹, Ben Kirman³, Julie Barnett⁴, Phillip Brooker⁴, Shaun Lawson¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (4)

Northumbria University¹, University of Nottingham², University of York³, University of Bath⁴

01 Jun 2017

TL;DR: This paper investigates how online counter-discourse is designed, deployed and orchestrated by activists to challenge dominant narratives around socio-political issues, focusing on activism related to the UK broadcast media’s negative portrayal of welfare benefit claimants.

...read moreread less

Abstract: In this paper we investigate how online counter-discourse is designed, deployed and orchestrated by activists to challenge dominant narratives around socio-political issues. We focus on activism related to the UK broadcast media's negative portrayal of welfare benefit claimants; portrayals characterised as "poverty porn" by critics. Using critical discourse analysis, we explore two activist campaigns countering the TV programme Benefits Street. Through content analysis of social media, associated traditional media texts, and interviews with activists, our analysis highlights the way activists leverage the specific technological affordances of different social media and other online platforms in order to manage and configure counter-discourse activities. We reveal how activists use different platforms to carefully control and contest discursive spaces, and the ways in which they utilise both online and offline activities in combination with new and broadcast media to build an audience for their work. We discuss the challenges associated with measuring the success of counter-discourse, and how activists rely on combinations of social media analytics and anecdotal feedback in order to ascertain that their campaigns are successful. We also discuss the often hidden power-relationships in such campaigns, especially where there is ambiguity regarding the grassroots legitimacy of activism, and where effort is placed into controlling and owning the propagation of counter-discourse. We conclude by highlighting a number of areas for further work around the blurred distinctions between corporate advocacy, digilantism and grassroots activism.

...read moreread less

36 citations

Dissertation•DOI•

Two Faces of Authority: The leader's tragic quest

[...]

Thieu Besselink

01 Jan 2009

TL;DR: Besselink and Thieu as discussed by the authors argue that modern authority itself has disintegrated with the change of its understanding and the diffusion of fixed authoritative roles and that this is accompanied by an identity crisis.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This thesis observes how modern leaders of Western society publicly engage in an unrewarding quest for a durably authoritative identity and it asks why rulers are so troubled in cultivating a credible role of authority. The author argues that modern authority itself has disintegrated with the change of its understanding and the diffusion of fixed authoritative roles and that this is accompanied by an identity crisis. He asks how modern rulers respond to the disintegration of a fixed, shared social reality in late modernity, and to the fact that our main legitimating mythologies such as that of (political) representation, which once ordered the allocation of authority no longer provide the reassurance and belief in ruler’s authority. To understand the nature of authority and its disintegration, the author explores rulers’ consciousness by categorising their responses in two archetypical models of authority, inspired by Machiavelli’s Prince and Shakespeare’s tragic hero. They represent the authority-effects of fear and reassurance and the two modern modes of authority cultivation: increasing social distance and decreasing social distance The thesis argues that modern authority is tragic because the logic by which the dominant archetypical roles try to authorise themselves is self defeating. It illustrates this with a history of authority which describes the characteristically modern drive for the exposure, immanence, and transparency of authority, informed by a desire for emancipation and mastery, and how it is paralleled by a degradation of authority and these typically modern archetypes that continue to determine Western culture. Reintegration of authority would require a more dimensional understanding of the concept. The author trances the four major roots of authority (authorship, authorisation, authenticity, and augmentation), and suggest they represent the subjective, objective, individual, and collective dimensions of authority which together form a whole system of meaning and creation. Besselink, Thieu (2009), Two Faces of Authority: The leader's tragic quest European University Institute DOI: 10.2870/44263

...read moreread less

36 citations

Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

...vi-vii 256 Foucault, M. and C. Gordon (1980). Power-Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977....
[...]

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
…
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
…
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200

Collapse

References

PDF

Open Access

More filters

Book•

Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research

[...]

Norman Fairclough

18 Jul 2003

TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion

...read moreread less

Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion

...read moreread less

6,407 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems

[...]

Heinz K. Klein¹, Michael D. Myers•Institutions (1)

Binghamton University¹

01 Mar 1999-Management Information Systems Quarterly

TL;DR: A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale, and the usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three publishedinterpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This article discusses the conduct and evaluatoin of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflect and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.

...read moreread less

5,588 citations

Book•

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences

[...]

Geoffrey C. Bowker, Susan Leigh Star

01 Jan 1999

TL;DR: In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star as mentioned in this paper explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world and examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary.

...read moreread less

Abstract: What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

...read moreread less

4,480 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

On Two Metaphors for Learning and the Dangers of Choosing Just One

[...]

Anna Sfard¹•Institutions (1)

University of Haifa¹

01 Mar 1998-Educational Researcher

TL;DR: In this article, two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor, and their entailments are discussed and evaluated, and the question of theoretical unification of research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.

...read moreread less

Abstract: This article is a sequel to the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher in volume 25, number 4. The author’s first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor. Subsequently, their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.

...read moreread less

3,660 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Generating Research Questions Through Problematization

[...]

Matas Alvesson¹, Jörgen Sandberg¹•Institutions (1)

University of Queensland¹

01 Apr 2011-Academy of Management Review

TL;DR: Problematization is proposed as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.

...read moreread less

Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that what makes a theory interesting and influential is that it challenges our assumptions in some significant way. However, established ways for arriving at research questions mean spotting or constructing gaps in existing theories rather than challenging their assumptions. We propose problematization as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.

...read moreread less

1,126 citations