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Book ChapterDOI

The archaeology of knowledge

01 Sep 1989-pp 227-260
TL;DR: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now as mentioned in this paper, and book is the window to open the new world.
Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
Citations
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Book
17 Mar 2011
Abstract: ..........................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................III GLOSSARY....................................................................................................VII-X CONTENTS................................................................................................XI-XIV VOLUME

35 citations

01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The history of the standard information retrieval evaluation criteria, measures and methods, and why they are unsuitable for the evaluation of interactive information retrieval are discussed, and a new framework based on the criterion of usefulness is proposed.
Abstract: This paper briefl y discusses the history of the standard information retrieval evaluation criteria, measures and methods, and why they are unsuitable for the evaluation of interactive information retrieval. A new framework for evaluation of interactive information retrieval is proposed, based on the criterion of usefulness.

35 citations

Dissertation
06 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this paper, a constructivist review of literature explores reification processes in propositions for ESPD in a brief reconsideration of historical "personality disorder" discourses with a particular focus towards UK policy.
Abstract: Emerging Severe Personality Disorder in Childhood’: The reification and rhetorical functions of a proposed developmental disorder This research employed Discursive Psychology and some Foucaudian concepts to explore discourses concerning proposals for ‘Emerging Severe Personality Disorder’ (ESPD) to interrogate potential ‘effects in the real’ for patients, clinicians and approaches to psychological interventions. The constructivist review of literature explores reification processes in propositions for ESPD in a brief reconsideration of historical ‘personality disorder’ discourses with a particular focus towards UK policy. This traces ESPD’s inextricable links to revival of the ‘psychopathy’ construct via invention of the ‘psychopathy checklist’, policy-makers ‘Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder’ (DSPD) terminology and the ‘interventionist imperatives’ in youth justice driven by the Crime and Disorder Act (1998). Fourteen interviews highlighted rhetorical strategies by which practitioners worked up their epistemological entitlements to use ESPD appropriately by undermining entitlements of others. Some demonstrated autonomy by refusing to use the term ESPD at all. Other practitioners positioned those ‘outside mental health’ as potentially misusing ESPD while erroneously reifying it themselves as a formal ‘diagnosis’ or something that children ‘are’. Associated repertoires concerned iatrogenic or exclusionary ‘effects in the real’ linked to frustration at being ‘forced’ by the government to work with the ‘untreatable’. Ideological dilemmas arose throughout, most notably where practitioners who were concerned the label ESPD could exclude children from treatment discursively excluded ‘high-risk’ older children with beliefs ‘early intervention’ only. This saw children subject positioned similarly to their historically assumed ‘untreatable’ adult counterparts with ‘personality disorder’ diagnoses rather than being ‘at risk of’. A final ideological dilemma arose for practitioners as many believed in ‘early intervention’ but conceded that risk prediction in psychiatry was unreliable and could lead to over use of ESPD, with potentially damaging outcomes. The review and analysis are discussed in terms of bringing about a new version of ESPD’s reification with emphasis on encouraging further discussion concerning potential objectification of future ESPD category recipients, assumed ‘prognosis’, advances towards clinical intervention and issues regarding possible further exclusion from services or residential care. It is argued studies with a discursive focus can investigate labelling concerns in ways which positivist methodologies in the medico-legal approach fail to and that this embraces counselling psychology’s historical aims towards ‘social justice’ in its (assumed) critical approach to psychopathology which, (if it has one at all) is consistently tested in this current political climate of ‘evidence-based practice’.

35 citations


Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

  • ...The study assumes the position then, similarly to Graham (2005) that in tackling the ideology of a science (Foucault, 1972) and its rhetorical functions (Potter, 1995) ‘in order to reveal and modify it’ one should ‘question it as a discursive formation’ (Foucault, 1972:205)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a linguistic analysis of policing discourses in Northern Ireland is used to explore the thematic frameworks and interactional/pragmatic strategies through which the speakers jointly produce a "discourse of resistance", effectively blocking acceptance of the new service.
Abstract: Modern social theory highlights the role of language in social change/reproduction, yet rarely draws on actual linguistic resources or theory. Equally, sociolinguistics situates linguistic practice within the social domain, but only weakly makes links to social theory. Using a linguistic analysis of policing discourses in Northern Ireland, this article considers how such analyses can both inform and be informed by broader social theories. Policing is a contentious issue for nationalists, and despite recent reforms, many continue to regard the (new) police force with suspicion. Data from nationalist women in Belfast are used to explore the thematic frameworks and interactional/pragmatic strategies (pragmatic blocking) through which the speakers jointly produce a “discourse of resistance,” effectively blocking acceptance of the new service. The analysis is discussed in relation to theories of social change (with particular reference to Bourdieu's habitus). Considered are implications for sociolinguistics, social theory, and policing policy in Northern Ireland.This article derives from an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)-funded study (Award No. RES 00-22-0257).

35 citations


Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"

  • ...Even more open postmodernist theories such as those of Foucault (1972) or Bourdieu (1977, 1990, 1994, 1998) are said to carry forward some level of determinism....

    [...]

Dissertation
01 Sep 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that China increasingly acts as a security norms-shaper in the continent thanks to a stable discourse articulating China and African countries as fellow members of the Global South.
Abstract: China’s role as a global security actor has increased dramatically over the last decade and the country is now projecting its power and promoting its agenda well beyond Asia. In particular, peace and security have come to be at the centre of China’s Africa strategy and are now a major factor affecting not only China’s relations with African countries, but also its global image. Studying China through its engagement with the continent’s security regime allows us to see the global actor the PRC is becoming. In order to obtain a more nuanced understanding of the topic, I advance an argument that is both theoretical and empirical. Theoretically, I argue that the concept of normative power, understood as the power to shape the ‘normal’ in international affairs, gives us insights into China’s preferred norms and practices and into the mechanisms through which it is promoting its vision of world order. Empirically, I claim that not only is China being socialised into the international system, but it also contributes to shaping it. Its norms-making attempts become more evident if we look at its engagement with Africa’s security environment. I thus make two related claims. First, China increasingly acts as a security norms-shaper in the continent thanks to a stable discourse articulating China and African countries as fellow members of the Global South. Second, as China-Africa security cooperation develops mostly through multilateral institutions, I argue that its normative power potential varies depending on the contingent institution. After mapping China’s Africa discourse on security across the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, the African Union, and the United Nations Security Council in the period 2000-2018, I argue that it is especially through creating dedicated forums responding to its interests and priorities, that China is becoming a normative power.

35 citations

References
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Book
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion

6,407 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale, and the usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three publishedinterpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature.
Abstract: This article discusses the conduct and evaluatoin of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflect and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.

5,588 citations

Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star as mentioned in this paper explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world and examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary.
Abstract: What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

4,480 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Anna Sfard1
TL;DR: In this article, two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor, and their entailments are discussed and evaluated, and the question of theoretical unification of research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
Abstract: This article is a sequel to the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher in volume 25, number 4. The author’s first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor. Subsequently, their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.

3,660 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Problematization is proposed as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.
Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that what makes a theory interesting and influential is that it challenges our assumptions in some significant way. However, established ways for arriving at research questions mean spotting or constructing gaps in existing theories rather than challenging their assumptions. We propose problematization as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.

1,126 citations