The archaeology of knowledge
01 Sep 1989-pp 227-260
TL;DR: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now as mentioned in this paper, and book is the window to open the new world.
Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that privacy, rather than serving only as a countermeasure against surveillance, can also be seen as its "partner-in-crime" in informational capitalism.
Abstract: The aim of this article is to argue that privacy, rather than serving only as a countermeasure against surveillance, can also be seen as its ‘partner-in-crime’. Normative statements made by governments and companies on privacy can be regarded as a tool of governance in service of informational capitalism. Initially defined as a fundamental freedom, privacy has become a precondition for a blossoming economy in the context of the information society. The notion of privacy, as a critique of information society, has been assimilated and reshaped by and in favour of informational capitalism, notably by being over-individualized through the self-determination principle. To develop this idea, this article builds on the results of a study on the loyalty programmes run by the four biggest retailers of Switzerland and on the Foucauldian concept of biopower. Indeed, sexual liberation and the development of scientific knowledge on sexuality, the democratization of privacy, and the emergence of scientific discourses a...
60 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...In Foucault’s terms, any scientific discourse about the subject reinforces its subjection (Foucault, 1972)....
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TL;DR: Factors found to increase empowerment were job satisfaction, career consciousness, further training, and commitment, and factors that prevented empowerment included authoritarian leadership, poor access to information, and short working periods.
Abstract: Objective:This Article Reports The Results Of A Quantitative Study Of Individual Nurses'views Concerning Factors Promoting Or Impeding empowerment In Health-care Organizations.Background:Changes In Healthcare Have Lead To The Formation Of Ever Larger Units, Reduced Resources, And An Increasing Deman
60 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...Power is characterized by reciprocity, and reflection of the matters involved is a precondition for increased knowledge and personal development.(12,13) The social psychological theory considers empowerment from the individual’s point of view....
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60 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...For Foucault, discourses are 'practices that systematically form the objects of which they speak... Discourses are not about objects; they do not identify objects, they constitute them and in the practice of doing so conceal their own intervention' (Foucault 1972: 49)....
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TL;DR: The authors investigates the genealogy of modern social work to help us reconsider what kind of individual and community we are now attempting to create, and investigates how social problems can be visualized and spoken about, how clients can be observed and turned into objects of knowledge, and professionals can conceptualize such abstract notions as integration, citizenship, community and freedom.
Abstract: New concepts have emerged in social work and in social policy over the past 10—15 years: `you must meet the clients where they stand', `help must be self-help' and `poverty is spiritual rather than material'. These axioms were core principles for the welfare of the poor that philanthropic and religious societies carried out in the late nineteenth century. Their current proliferation in all types of social work and in social policy discourse demonstrates a profound transformation in the discursive structures of welfare policy — that is, in the way social problems can be visualized and spoken about, in the way that clients can be observed and turned into objects of knowledge, and in the way that professionals can conceptualize such abstract notions as integration, citizenship, community and freedom. This article investigates the genealogy of modern social work to help us reconsider what kind of individual and what kind of community we are now attempting to create.
60 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...In this sense, the philanthropic societies were agents of governmentality in that they were exercising the mode of power that Foucault called ‘gouvernement’, ‘an action upon an action’ (Foucault, 1982: 220)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the author analyzes the discursive shifts, continuities, and convergences from which Paralympic discourses, practices, subjects, and institutions have emerged.
Abstract: In this article, the author analyzes the discursive shifts, continuities, and convergences from which Paralympic discourses, practices, subjects, and institutions have emerged. The author utilizes ...
59 citations
Cites background or methods from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...In the section that follows, I briefly introduce some of the most important Foucauldian concepts that I use in this analysis....
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...In this article, I use Foucault’s method of discourse analysis (Foucault, 1972; Graham, 2005; Kendall & Wickham, 1999) to “interrogate the productive power” of Paralympic discourses (Graham, 2005, p. 7), that is, to analyze how these discourses serve to produce and reproduce specific practices,…...
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...In this article, I used Foucauldian discourse analysis to trace the most salient discursive shifts, continuities, and effects that were evidenced within 14 texts about Paralympic history....
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...This will be followed by a discussion of the Foucauldian methods that I employ....
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...According to Foucault (1972, 1978, 1992), the effects of power, such as the existence of impairments and disabled subjects, often appear ahistorical, asocial, and apolitical because of the ways that they are organized, represented, and produced through discourse....
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References
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
TL;DR: A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale, and the usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three publishedinterpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature.
Abstract: This article discusses the conduct and evaluatoin of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflect and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.
5,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star as mentioned in this paper explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world and examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary.
Abstract: What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.
4,480 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor, and their entailments are discussed and evaluated, and the question of theoretical unification of research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
Abstract: This article is a sequel to the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher in volume 25, number 4. The author’s first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor. Subsequently, their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
3,660 citations
TL;DR: Problematization is proposed as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.
Abstract: It is increasingly recognized that what makes a theory interesting and influential is that it challenges our assumptions in some significant way. However, established ways for arriving at research questions mean spotting or constructing gaps in existing theories rather than challenging their assumptions. We propose problematization as a methodology for identifying and challenging assumptions underlying existing literature and, based on that, formulating research questions that are likely to lead to more influential theories.
1,126 citations