The archaeology of knowledge
01 Sep 1989-pp 227-260
TL;DR: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now as mentioned in this paper, and book is the window to open the new world.
Abstract: We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
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Book•
18 Jul 2003
TL;DR: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
Abstract: Part 1: Social Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Text Analysis 1. Introduction 2. Texts, Social Events, and Social Practices 3. Intertextuality and Assumptions Part 2: Genres and Action 4. Genres 5. Meaning Relations between Sentences and Clauses 6. Types of Exchange, Speech Functions, and Grammatical Mood Part 3: Discourses and Representations 7. Discourses 8. Representations of Social Events Part 4: Styles and Identities 9. Styles 10. Modality and Evaluation 11. Conclusion
6,407 citations
TL;DR: A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale, and the usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three publishedinterpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature.
Abstract: This article discusses the conduct and evaluatoin of interpretive research in information systems. While the conventions for evaluating information systems case studies conducted according to the natural science model of social science are now widely accepted, this is not the case for interpretive field studies. A set of principles for the conduct and evaluation of interpretive field research in information systems is proposed, along with their philosophical rationale. The usefulness of the principles is illustrated by evaluating three published interpretive field studies drawn from the IS research literature. The intention of the paper is to further reflect and debate on the important subject of grounding interpretive research methodology.
5,588 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star as mentioned in this paper explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world and examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary.
Abstract: What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification -- the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.
4,480 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor, and their entailments are discussed and evaluated, and the question of theoretical unification of research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
Abstract: This article is a sequel to the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher in volume 25, number 4. The author’s first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and the participation metaphor. Subsequently, their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
3,660 citations
Cites background from "The archaeology of knowledge"
...The theory of situated learning (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989; Lave, 1988; Lave & Wenger, 1991), the discursive paradigm (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Foucault, 1972; Harre & Gillet, 1995), and the theory of distributed cognition (Salomon, 1993) are probably the best developed among them....
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...The theory of situated learning (Brown, Collins & Duguid, 1989; Lave, 1988; Lave & Wenger, 1991), the discursive paradigm (Edwards & Potter, 1992; Foucault, 1972; Harre & Gillet, 1995), and the theory of distributed cognition (Salomon, 1993) are probably the best developed among them....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine the evolutionary perspective in economics with the reflexive turn from sociology to provide a richer understanding of how knowledge-based systems of innovation are shaped and reconstructed, whereas the institutional arrangements (e.g., national systems) can be expected to remain under reconstruction.
Abstract: The (neo-)evolutionary model of a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations focuses on the overlay of expectations, communications, and interactions that potentially feed back on the institutional arrangements among the carrying agencies. From this perspective, the evolutionary perspective in economics can be complemented with the reflexive turn from sociology. The combination provides a richer understanding of how knowledge-based systems of innovation are shaped and reconstructed. The communicative capacities of the carrying agents become crucial to the system's further development, whereas the institutional arrangements (e.g., national systems) can be expected to remain under reconstruction. The tension of the differentiation no longer needs to be resolved, since the network configurations are reproduced by means of translations among historically changing codes. Some methodological and epistemological implications for studying innovation systems are explicated.
1,615 citations
References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of various types of tipping on the motivation of workers in the hospitality and the gaming industry, and elaborate a model for distributing tips among workers in order to motivate them.
Abstract: IN ENGLISH Title of the doctoral dissertation: Impact of Tipping on Workers' Motivation: Comparison Between the Hospitality and the Gaming Industry Scope and objectives of the research: The main scope of the doctoral dissertation is to explore the impact of various types of tipping on the motivation of workers in the hospitality and the gaming industry, and to elaborate a model—on the basis of findings—for distributing tips among workers in order to motivate them. The analysis had the intention of achieving the following particular goals: • to assess the scope of tipping in Slovenia; • to gather in one place the various systems of collecting and distributing tips; • to analyse the theoretical, empirical and practical aspects of collecting and distributing tips as salary bonuses or as a variable part of salaries; • to obtain the opinions and standpoints of individual actors (employees, workers' representatives, management, employers' and government representatives, guests, etc) in the process of collecting and dividing tips; • to identify the positive and negative impacts of collecting and distributing tips on the motivation of employees; • to examine the behaviour that is most likely to be rewarded by guests; • to ascertain whether employees use proven methods for raising their tips; • to analyse what motivates workers to offer good service and what amount of tips would motivate them; • to develop a model for collecting and distributing tips, so as to increase workers' motivation toward raising the quality of services rendered. Methodology: The following methods of scientific analysis were used in this dissertation: (1) overview of theories and (2) case studies, as well as (3) collection and analysis of empirical data by means of (3a) surveys, (3b) semi-structured interviews, (3c) focus groups and (3d) observation. The hypotheses have been tested against the empirical data collected among the following target groups: employees, trade unions, employers, employer representatives in chambers, ministries (Ministry of Finance of the RS and Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs of the RS), guests (gaming and hospitality), as well as the Consumers' Union of the RS. xi The first part of the doctoral dissertation contains a descriptive analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as official statistical data, with the purpose of creating a compilation of findings, viewpoints and conclusions of national and foreign authors. In the second, practical part, we have used the methods of description, explication, deduction and induction. The information gathered through survey was statistically analysed with the SPSS application, with which we carried out univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses (comparison between average figures and percentages, Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients and factorial analysis). The conclusions and abstracts have been generated using the methods of analysis, synthesis, compilation and comparison. Findings: The percentage of tips in the hospitality industry has been estimated at 2.71% of revenues, while tips in the gaming industry represent 5.45% of gross gaming revenue. Nevertheless, it has to be pointed out—in this regard—that tips at gaming tables are continuously falling. In 2004, the overall tips at gaming tables amounted to EUR 18 million, while in 2008 the figure decreased to EUR 13.8 million. If we add to that figure, the tips for other services in the gaming industry, we estimate the total amount of tips for 2008 at somewhat less than EUR 17 million. Our analysis shows that the hospitality industry generated at least EUR 14 million in tips in 2008. Combining that figure with the remaining tips in Slovenia, the total figure for tips in 2008 in Slovenia can be estimated to be at least EUR 33 million. Globally, there are different practices in forces: tips are either given to employees individually or collectively or as a combination of the two distribution methods. Employees may be entitled to tips directly or receive them as a variable part of their salaries. In Slovenia, tips are only regulated in the gaming industry, where the law considers them as casino revenues and are therefore subject to taxes and contributions. A comparison with foreign legal systems has shown that tips at gaming tables may well be regulated, although—as a rule of thumb—they are not considered casino revenues. Tips are usually distributed using factors laid down in industry-specific collective bargaining agreements. Abroad, tips related to food and beverages are becoming increasingly regulated and subject to taxation, as well. Employers in Slovenia tolerate tips (92% of surveyed employers) and gaming companies tend to have their distribution regulated more often (72% of surveyed companies) than companies in the hospitality industry (20% of surveyed companies). xii The regulation of tips and their distribution as a variable portion of salaries contribute to the levying of taxes and a more fair distribution of tips among employees. Our research has brought us to the conclusion that a wider circle of Slovenian stakeholders (employees, trade unions, employers, employer and government representatives) agree that the distribution of tips shall be regulated and that support personnel should also be included in addition to the employees in direct contact with the customers. In our research, we have not found strongly opposing views by employees to the proposal that the distribution of tips be regulated. Only the employees, who now receive tips directly, were against regulating and dividing tips with their colleagues. We have resolved the issue by laying down in the related rules that—in spite of being distributed among all employees—a certain portion of tips should remain an individual reward of the person receiving them directly from the customers. Guests tend to reward kindness, professionalism and a positive attitude of employees, as well as good service. Employees in the Slovenian hospitality industry are not well aware of and therefore are not using proven methods for raising tips. The strongest motivating factors for working well with guests are guest satisfaction, sound performance and decent salaries. We have found out that Slovenian waiters would be motivated to treat their guests better, if they received tips on 38% of bills issued and if tips amounted to at least EUR 2.65 per bill or 3.69% of the bill's value. Dealers' expectations are somewhat higher, since they would be more motivated, if tipped in 63% of payouts, receiving at least EUR 4.34 per payout or 2.23% of a straight-up payout. Hospitality guests in the Nova Gorica area usually tip their waiters in 44% of cases, i.e. bills issued. An average tip amounts to EUR 2.21 or 6.11% of the bill's value. Casino guests tend to tip dealers in 74% of straight-up payouts. An average tip amounts to EUR 4.00 or 2.73% of a straight-up payout. The dissertation's main finding consists in the fact that employees in companies with a regulated system of tip distribution tend to be better motivated to work well with their guests than their colleagues in an unregulated environment. In addition to that, employees in the hospitality industry are less motivated by tips than their colleagues in the gaming industry, despite receiving tips directly. The reason for this difference is that companies in the hospitality industry generally do not apply distribution methods and employees are directly entitled to each tip, which are perceived as small (daily) amounts, while employees in the gaming industry receive their tips together
37 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an account of epistemic responsibility attentive to feminist concerns is developed through a critique of epistemophilia, the love of knowledge to the point of myopia and its concurrent ignoring of ignorance.
Abstract: The development of nonoppressive ways of knowing other persons, often across significantly different social positions, is an important project within feminism. An account of epistemic responsibility attentive to feminist concerns is developed here through a critique of epistemophilia—the love of knowledge to the point of myopia and its concurrent ignoring of ignorance. Identifying a positive role for ignorance yields an enhanced understanding of responsible knowledge practices.
37 citations
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: Broder as discussed by the authors revisited the Juvenal 9 satire in the context of queer kinship and camp aesthetics and found that it is neither an attack on homosexuality nor is it about homosexuality.
Abstract: MENSURA INCOGNITA QUEER KINSHIP, CAMP AESTHETICS, AND JUVENAL’S NINTH SATIRE by Michael Broder Adviser: Professor Craig Williams The dissertation addresses four problematic aspects of scholarship on Juvenal 9. The first two are matters of reception history: first, the poem has been understudied; and second, most major extant studies of the poem have been grossly or subtly homophobic. The other two problems are matters of literary criticism: Juvenal’s ninth satire has traditionally been read as an attack on homosexuality, when in fact it is neither an attack, nor is it about homosexuality. The current study addresses each of these problems, reassessing the ninth satire in the context of queer theory and camp aesthetics. Chapter One traces the homophobic tendencies in the modern reception of Juvenal 9 across reception modalities including expurgation, biographical criticism, and persona theory. Chapter Two reviews relevant concepts in queer theory and the discourse of camp. Queer theory emphasizes the performative dimensions of sex, gender, and kinship. Camp is a counter-normative discourse in which incongruous situations and juxtapositions are presented in a theatrical manner for humorous effect, expressing the relationship of sex, gender, and kinship deviants to dominant discourses of normativity and embracing the stigmatized identity of the deviant, marginalized other. Chapter Three reviews the debate over Juvenal’s moralism among scholars of satire beginning in the 1960s. This debate serves as an unwitting proxy for a debate about camp aesthetics by emphasizing the role iv
37 citations
18 Sep 2019
37 citations
TL;DR: Science education as a field of practice and research is a site where inequities and impending global catastrophes can be engaged in transformative ways as discussed by the authors. Critical approaches to science education ar...
Abstract: Science education as a field of practice and research is a site where inequities and impending global catastrophes can be engaged in transformative ways. Critical approaches to science education ar...
37 citations