The awakening cortisol response: Methodological issues and significance
Citations
1,472 citations
1,069 citations
Cites background from "The awakening cortisol response: Me..."
...in healthy populations, but also in relation to many disorders including cardiovascular, autoimmune, atopic, allergic, and psychiatric diseases, among others (for review see, Wust et al., 2000b; Clow et al., 2004)....
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...Especially for the regulation of the CAR, neural signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the endogenous biological clock, to the adrenal glands are discussed to be of importance (Clow et al., 2004; Edwards et al., 2001a; Hucklebridge et al., 2005)....
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...It is possible that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock) as an additional structure may be of major importance for the CAR (Clow et al., 2004; Edwards et al., 2001a; Hucklebridge et al., 2005)....
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...the adrenal glands are discussed to be of importance (Clow et al., 2004; Edwards et al., 2001a; Hucklebridge et al., 2005)....
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...…et al., 1999) and has been studied extensively over the past two decades, not only in healthy populations, but also in relation to many disorders including cardiovascular, autoimmune, atopic, allergic, and psychiatric diseases, among others (for review see, Wust et al., 2000b; Clow et al., 2004)....
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945 citations
Cites background or methods from "The awakening cortisol response: Me..."
...Based on existing evidence (Wüst et al., 2000b; Clow et al., 2004; Hellhammer et al., 2007), we considered a study to be of good quality if it considered or controlled age, gender, smoking, participant adherence to salivary sampling (e....
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...The cortisol awakening response (CAR), first established by Pruessner et al. (1997) as a useful index, can be defined as the change in cortisol concentration that occurs during the first hour after waking from sleep (Clow et al., 2004; Steptoe, 2007)....
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...…been analyzed using a number of different approaches, including repeated measures analysis of samples taken at several time points, simple change scores between waking and 20–45 min later, and area under the curve (AUC) indices (Clow et al., 2004; Pruessner et al., 2003; Fekedulegn et al., 2007)....
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...(1997) as a useful index, can be defined as the change in cortisol concentration that occurs during the first hour after waking from sleep (Clow et al., 2004; Steptoe, 2007)....
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...This endocrine marker has been analyzed using a number of different approaches, including repeated measures analysis of samples taken at several time points, simple change scores between waking and 20–45 min later, and area under the curve (AUC) indices (Clow et al., 2004; Pruessner et al., 2003; Fekedulegn et al., 2007)....
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843 citations
721 citations
Cites background from "The awakening cortisol response: Me..."
...Many researchers choose not to include the CAR data points in the slope calculation (e.g. Adam, 2006; Cohen et al., 2006) because of suggestions that the CAR may regulated by different neurobiological mechanisms than the restof theunderlyingdiurnal cortisol curve (Clow et al., 2004)....
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..., 2006) because of suggestions that the CAR may regulated by different neurobiological mechanisms than the restof theunderlyingdiurnal cortisol curve (Clow et al., 2004)....
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...The size of the CAR, for example, has been correlated with a variety of psychosocial processes and health outcomes (Pruessner et al., 1997, 2003b; Clow et al., 2004; Steptoe et al., 2004; Adam et al., 2006; Nater et al., 2007)....
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...The size of the CAR, for example, has been correlated with a variety of psychosocial processes and health outcomes (Pruessner et al., 1997, 2003b; Clow et al., 2004; Steptoe et al., 2004; Adam et al., 2006; Nater et al., 2007)....
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References
3,185 citations
"The awakening cortisol response: Me..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Overall or total cortisol secretory activity can be quantified when three or more measures are available by calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) relative to zero† (or ground: AUCG) (see Pruessner et al., 2003a, for discussion of this calculation)....
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...…following awakening, using the first awakening sample gives an indication of †AUC relative to zero ¼ sample 1 þ s2 þ s3 þ ((s4 2 s1)/2). the response: AURC‡—area under the response curve (see Edwards et al., 2001b) or AUC1 area under the curve with respect to increase (see Pruessner et al., 2003a)....
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...An increase in some aspects of the ACR (details in Table II) has been associated with non-clinical depression (Pruessner et al., 2003b), lower grade of employment (Kunz-Ebrecht et al., in press), loneliness (Steptoe et al., in press), lack of social recognition (Wust et al., 2000a), and…...
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1,512 citations
"The awakening cortisol response: Me..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Without doubt the use of saliva sampling to accurately determine the physiologically active free component of cortisol (see Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1989) has facilitated research into the ACR....
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...E-mail: clowa@wmin.ac.uk healthy participants there was a 50–100% increase in the concentration of free cortisol as measured in saliva (known to correlate highly with physiologically active “free” cortisol concentrations in the blood, Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1989) within 30–45 min of awakening....
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1,365 citations
"The awakening cortisol response: Me..." refers background or result in this paper
...Premenopausal females were reported to have a more sustained ACR, remaining higher than matched males at 30, 45 and 60 min post-awakening (Pruessner et al., 1997; 1999; Wust et al., 2000b), but this has not been replicated (Edwards et al....
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...The ACR was reported to be unrelated to age in adults (Pruessner et al., 1997; Wust et al., 2000b; Edwards et al., 2001a) or adolescents (Ellenbogen et al., in press)....
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...…curve (with reference to zero i.e. an estimate of the total amount of cortisol secretory activity) for the first 45 min after awakening, has also been demonstrated (correlations range from 0.39 to 0.67 across consecutive days (Pruessner et al., 1997; Wust et al., 2000b; Edwards et al., 2001a))....
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...non-smokers) was reported not to be associated with the ACR (Pruessner et al., 1997; Edwards et al., 2001a)....
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...Females on oral contraceptives were found to have an attenuated ACR (Pruessner et al., 1997; 1999)....
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1,028 citations
"The awakening cortisol response: Me..." refers background in this paper
...…profiles are evident in individuals experiencing major depression (Trestman et al., 1995; Goodyer et al., 1996; Yehuda et al., 1996; Deuschle et al., 1997b; Weber et al., 2000; den Hartog et al., 2003) and in cancer patients (Touitou et al., 1996; Mormont et al., 1998; Sephton et al., 2000)....
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826 citations
"The awakening cortisol response: Me..." refers background in this paper
...…Issues Premenopausal females were reported to have a more sustained ACR, remaining higher than matched males at 30, 45 and 60 min post-awakening (Pruessner et al., 1997; 1999; Wust et al., 2000b), but this has not been replicated (Edwards et al., 2001a; Kudielka and Kirschbaum, 2003) although…...
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...Females on oral contraceptives were found to have an attenuated ACR (Pruessner et al., 1997; 1999)....
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...However, in adults an elevated ACR has sometimes been associated with perceived stress (Schulz et al., 1998; Steptoe et al., 2000) but not always (Pruessner et al., 1999; Kunz-Ebrecht et al., in press)....
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...Similarly contradictory findings have been reported for burnout (Pruessner et al., 1999; De Vente et al., 2003)....
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