The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a description of the emerging biorefinery concept, in comparison with the current oil refinery, as well as discussion of the most important biomass feedstocks, conversion technologies and final products.
About: This article is published in Energy Conversion and Management.The article was published on 2010-07-01. It has received 1754 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biorefinery & Oil refinery.
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TL;DR: This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts to examine critically the green character of conversion processes.
Abstract: This critical review provides a survey illustrated by recent references of different strategies to achieve a sustainable conversion of biomass to bioproducts. Because of the huge number of chemical products that can be potentially manufactured, a selection of starting materials and targeted chemicals has been done. Also, thermochemical conversion processes such as biomass pyrolysis or gasification as well as the synthesis of biofuels were not considered. The synthesis of chemicals by conversion of platform molecules obtained by depolymerisation and fermentation of biopolymers is presently the most widely envisioned approach. Successful catalytic conversion of these building blocks into intermediates, specialties and fine chemicals will be examined. However, the platform molecule value chain is in competition with well-optimised, cost-effective synthesis routes from fossil resources to produce chemicals that have already a market. The literature covering alternative value chains whereby biopolymers are converted in one or few steps to functional materials will be analysed. This approach which does not require the use of isolated, pure chemicals is well adapted to produce high tonnage products, such as paper additives, paints, resins, foams, surfactants, lubricants, and plasticisers. Another objective of the review was to examine critically the green character of conversion processes because using renewables as raw materials does not exempt from abiding by green chemistry principles (368 references).
2,077 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative platform to fossil resources has been analyzed and a critical review provides insights into the potential for LBS.
1,763 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative platform to fossil resources has been analyzed and a critical review provides insights into the potential for LBS.
Abstract: The demand for petroleum dependent chemicals and materials has been increasing despite the dwindling of their fossil resources. As the dead-end of petroleum based industry has started to appear, today's modern society has to implement alternative energy and valuable chemical resources immediately. Owing to the importance of lignocellulosic biomass being the most abundant and bio-renewable biomass on earth, this critical review provides insights into the potential of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative platform to fossil resources. In this context, over 200 value-added compounds, which can be derived from lignocellulosic biomass by various treatment methods, are presented with their references. Lignocellulosic biomass based polymers and their commercial importance are also reported mainly in the frame of these compounds. This review article aims to draw the map of lignocellulosic biomass derived chemicals and their synthetic polymers, and to reveal the scope of this map in today's modern chemical and polymer industry.
1,089 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a general overview of the current and most innovative uses of food supply chain waste, providing a range of worldwide case-studies from around the globe.
Abstract: Increasing demand for fuels and chemicals, driven by factors including over-population, the threat of global warming and the scarcity of fossil resources, strains our resource system and necessitates the development of sustainable and innovative strategies for the chemical industry. Our society is currently experiencing constraints imposed by our resource system, which drives industry to increase its overall efficiency by improving existing processes or finding new uses for waste. Food supply chain waste emerged as a resource with a significant potential to be employed as a raw material for the production of fuels and chemicals given the abundant volumes globally generated, its contained diversity of functionalised chemical components and the opportunity to be utilised for higher value applications. The present manuscript is aimed to provide a general overview of the current and most innovative uses of food supply chain waste, providing a range of worldwide case-studies from around the globe. These studies will focus on examples illustrating the use of citrus peel, waste cooking oil and cashew shell nut liquid in countries such as China, the UK, Tanzania, Spain, Greece or Morocco. This work emphasises 2nd generation food waste valorisation and re-use strategies for the production of higher value and marketable products rather than conventional food waste processing (incineration for energy recovery, feed or composting) while highlighting issues linked to the use of food waste as a sustainable raw material. The influence of food regulations on food supply chain waste valorisation will also be addressed as well as our society's behavior towards food supply chain waste. “There was no ways of dealing with it that have not been known for thousands of years. These ways are essentially four: dumping it, burning it, converting it into something that can be used again, and minimizing the volume of material goods – future garbage – that is produced in the first place.” William Rathje on waste (1945–2012) – Director of the Tucson Garbage project.
879 citations
TL;DR: The combined pretreatment strategies are reviewed for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose and realizing the comprehensive utilization of lignecellulosic materials.
644 citations
References
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01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
Abstract: This report is the first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report. It covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
32,826 citations
TL;DR: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation effectively removes glucose, which is an inhibitor to cellulase activity, thus increasing the yield and rate of cellulose hydrolysis, thereby increasing the cost of ethanol production from lignocellulosic materials.
5,860 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1980
TL;DR: In this paper, Asphaltene used the data of the Data Structural Group Analysis (DSGAA) to determine the effect of various factors on the stability or instability of the Crude Oil System.
Abstract: PART I: HISTORY, OCCURRENCE, AND RECOVERY History and Terminology Historical Perspectives Modern Perspectives Definitions and Terminology Native Materials Manufactured Materials Derived Materials Oil Prices Classification Classification Systems Miscellaneous Systems Reservoir Classification Origin and Occurrence Origin Occurrence Kerogen Properties Composition Classification Isolation Methods for Probing Kerogen Structure Structural Models Kerogen Maturation Exploration, Recovery, and Transportation Exploration Drilling Operations Well Completion Recovery Products and Product Quality Transportation New! Recovery of Heavy Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen Oil Mining Nonmining Methods PART II: COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES Chemical Composition Ultimate (Elemental) Composition Chemical Components Chemical Composition by Distillation Fractional Composition Distillation Solvent Treatment Adsorption Chemical Methods Use of the Data Petroleum Analysis Petroleum Assay Physical Properties Thermal Properties Electrical Properties Optical Properties Spectroscopic Methods Chromatographic Methods Molecular Weight Use of the Data Structural Group Analysis Methods for Structural Group Analysis Miscellaneous Methods Asphaltene Constituents Separation Composition Molecular Weight Reactions Solubility Parameter Structural Aspects Structure of Petroleum Molecular Species in Petroleum Chemical and Physical Structure of Petroleum Stability or Instability of the Crude Oil System Effects on Recovery and Refining Completely Revised! Instability and Incompatibility Instability and Incompatibility in Petroleum Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility Methods for Determining Instability and Incompatibility Effect of Asphaltene Constituents PART III: REFINING New! Introduction to Refining Processes Dewatering and Desalting Early Processes Distillation Thermal Methods Catalytic Methods Hydroprocesses Reforming Isomerization Alkylation Processes Polymerization Processes Solvent Process Refining Heavy Feedstocks Petroleum Products Petrochemicals Completely Revised! Refining Chemistry Cracking Hydrogenation Isomerization Alkylation Polymerization Process Chemistry Completely Revised! Distillation Pretreatment Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Equipment Other Processes Completely Revised! Thermal Cracking Early Processes Commercial Processes Catalytic Cracking Early Processes Commercial Processes Catalysts Process Parameters New! Deasphalting and Dewaxing Processes Commercial Processes Dewaxing Processes Completely Revised! Hydrotreating and Desulfurization Process Parameters and Reactors Commercial Processes Catalysts Biodesulfurization Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing Completely Revised! Hydrocracking Commercial Processes Catalysts Completely Revised! Hydrogen Production Processes Requiring Hydrogen Feedstocks Process Chemistry Commercial Processes Catalysts Hydrogen Purification Hydrogen Management Product Improvement Reforming Isomerization Alkylation Polymerization Catalysts Product Treating Commercial Processes Gas Processing Gas Cleaning Water Removal Liquids Removal Nitrogen Removal Acid Gas Removal Enrichment Fractionation Claus Process Completely Revised! Products Gaseous Fuels Gasoline Solvents (Naphtha) Kerosene Fuel Oil Lubricating Oil Other Oil Products Grease Wax Asphalt Coke Sulfonic Acids Acid Sludge Product Blending Petrochemicals Chemicals from Paraffins Chemicals from Olefins Chemicals from Aromatics Chemicals from Acetylene Chemicals from Natural Gas Inorganic Petrochemicals Synthesis Gas PART IV: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES New! Environmental Aspects of Refining Definitions Environmental Regulations Process Analysis Epilog New! Refinery Wastes Process Wastes Types of Waste Waste Toxicity Refinery Outlook Management of Refinery Waste New! Environmental Analysis Petroleum and Petroleum Products Leachability and Toxicity Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons Petroleum Group Analysis Petroleum Fractions Assessment of the Methods Conversion Factors Glossary Index *Each Chapter contains Introduction and Reference sections
2,226 citations
TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s as mentioned in this paper, leading to significant advances in process development and a wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.
1,686 citations