scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Journal ArticleDOI

The blood supply of various skin areas as estimated by the photoelectric plethysmograph

31 Oct 1938-American Journal of Physiology (American Physiological Society)-Vol. 124, Iss: 2, pp 328-340
About: This article is published in American Journal of Physiology.The article was published on 1938-10-31. It has received 423 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Photoelectric plethysmography & Plethysmograph.
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
John F. Allen1
TL;DR: Photoplethysmography is a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue and is often used non-invasively to make measurements at the skin surface.
Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a simple and low-cost optical technique that can be used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. It is often used non-invasively to make measurements at the skin surface. The PPG waveform comprises a pulsatile ('AC') physiological waveform attributed to cardiac synchronous changes in the blood volume with each heart beat, and is superimposed on a slowly varying ('DC') baseline with various lower frequency components attributed to respiration, sympathetic nervous system activity and thermoregulation. Although the origins of the components of the PPG signal are not fully understood, it is generally accepted that they can provide valuable information about the cardiovascular system. There has been a resurgence of interest in the technique in recent years, driven by the demand for low cost, simple and portable technology for the primary care and community based clinical settings, the wide availability of low cost and small semiconductor components, and the advancement of computer-based pulse wave analysis techniques. The PPG technology has been used in a wide range of commercially available medical devices for measuring oxygen saturation, blood pressure and cardiac output, assessing autonomic function and also detecting peripheral vascular disease. The introductory sections of the topical review describe the basic principle of operation and interaction of light with tissue, early and recent history of PPG, instrumentation, measurement protocol, and pulse wave analysis. The review then focuses on the applications of PPG in clinical physiological measurements, including clinical physiological monitoring, vascular assessment and autonomic function.

2,836 citations


Cites background or methods from "The blood supply of various skin ar..."

  • ...However, attempts at pulse amplitude quantification (‘calibration’) have been largely unsuccessful (Hertzman 1938, Challoner and Ramsay 1974, Jespersen and Pedersen 1986, Cejnar et al 1993)....

    [...]

  • ...Potential sources of error with the technique have been identified by Hertzman (1938), who emphasized that good contact with skin was needed, but without excessive pressure that would result in blanching....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Different types of artifact added to PPG signal, characteristic features of PPG waveform, and existing indexes to evaluate for diagnoses are discussed.
Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is used to estimate the skin blood flow using infrared light. Researchers from different domains of science have become increasingly interested in PPG because of its advantages as non-invasive, inexpensive, and convenient diagnostic tool. Traditionally, it measures the oxygen saturation, blood pressure, cardiac output, and for assessing autonomic functions. Moreover, PPG is a promising technique for early screening of various atherosclerotic pathologies and could be helpful for regular GP-assessment but a full understanding of the diagnostic value of the different features is still lacking. Recent studies emphasise the potential information embedded in the PPG waveform signal and it deserves further attention for its possible applications beyond pulse oximetry and heart-rate calculation. Therefore, this overview discusses different types of artifact added to PPG signal, characteristic features of PPG waveform, and existing indexes to evaluate for diagnoses.

912 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of wearable pulse rate sensors with green LEDs can be found in this paper. But, the authors do not discuss the application of these sensors in the medical field. But, they briefly present the history of wearable PPG and recent developments in wearable pulse-rate sensors.
Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) technology has been used to develop small, wearable, pulse rate sensors. These devices, consisting of infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photodetectors, offer a simple, reliable, low-cost means of monitoring the pulse rate noninvasively. Recent advances in optical technology have facilitated the use of high-intensity green LEDs for PPG, increasing the adoption of this measurement technique. In this review, we briefly present the history of PPG and recent developments in wearable pulse rate sensors with green LEDs. The application of wearable pulse rate monitors is discussed.

700 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The design and operation of an ultrasonic device that is conformal to the skin and capable of capturing blood pressure waveforms at deeply embedded arterial and venous sites is described, which enables the non-invasive, continuous and accurate monitoring of cardiovascular events from multiple body locations.
Abstract: Continuous monitoring of the central-blood-pressure waveform from deeply embedded vessels, such as the carotid artery and jugular vein, has clinical value for the prediction of all-cause cardiovascular mortality. However, existing non-invasive approaches, including photoplethysmography and tonometry, only enable access to the superficial peripheral vasculature. Although current ultrasonic technologies allow non-invasive deep-tissue observation, unstable coupling with the tissue surface resulting from the bulkiness and rigidity of conventional ultrasound probes introduces usability constraints. Here, we describe the design and operation of an ultrasonic device that is conformal to the skin and capable of capturing blood-pressure waveforms at deeply embedded arterial and venous sites. The wearable device is ultrathin (240 μm) and stretchable (with strains up to 60%), and enables the non-invasive, continuous and accurate monitoring of cardiovascular events from multiple body locations, which should facilitate its use in a variety of clinical environments.

447 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study presents an overview of the wide range of IPPG systems currently being introduced along with examples of their application in various physiological assessments and believes that the widespread acceptance ofIPPG is happening, and it will dramatically accelerate the promotion of this healthcare model in the near future.
Abstract: Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a noninvasive optical technique for detecting microvascular blood volume changes in tissues. Its ease of use, low cost and convenience make it an attractive area of research in the biomedical and clinical communities. Nevertheless, its single spot monitoring and the need to apply a PPG sensor directly to the skin limit its practicality in situations such as perfusion mapping and healing assessments or when free movement is required. The introduction of fast digital cameras into clinical imaging monitoring and diagnosis systems, the desire to reduce the physical restrictions, and the possible new insights that might come from perfusion imaging and mapping inspired the evolution of the conventional PPG technology to imaging PPG (IPPG). IPPG is a noncontact method that can detect heart-generated pulse waves by means of peripheral blood perfusion measurements. Since its inception, IPPG has attracted significant public interest and provided opportunities to improve personal healthcare. This study presents an overview of the wide range of IPPG systems currently being introduced along with examples of their application in various physiological assessments. We believe that the widespread acceptance of IPPG is happening, and it will dramatically accelerate the promotion of this healthcare model in the near future.

434 citations